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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 4 (1978), S. 881-884 
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: chorioallantoic membrane ; grafting ; organs ; differentiation ; morphogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 453-463 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Haematoxylin, Alcian Blue-Chlorantine Fast Red (ABCR) and the Ralis osteoid-specific stain were employed to closely follow the histogenesis of the tibia of the embryonic chick so as to provide an accurate description of the onset of ossification.An overview of the major cytological events preceding osteogenesis in the tibia was obtained from hindlimbs of embryos of H. H. (Hamburger and Hamilton, '51) stages 16-26 (2.5-5 days of incubation) stained with ABCR. A description of the cytological changes in the periosteum as it develops from the perichondrium and an analysis of the timing of the onset of osteoid deposition was obtained from the tibiae of accurately aged and staged embryos of H. H. stages 28-32 (5.5-8 days). These tibiae were stained specifically for the detection of osteoid:the freshly-secreted, unmineralized product of fully-differentiated osteoblasts. The perichondrium transformed into a bi-layered periosteum at H. H. late stage 29 (6.5 days) while osteoid was first detected adjacent to the hypertrophic cartilage of H. H. stage 30 (6.5-7 days) tibial diaphyses.These results, correlated with the immunoflourescent studies of Von der Mark et al. ('76a,b), which revealed the presence of Type I (bone-type) collagen-synthesizing cells in the perichondria of tibiae from embryos of H. H. stage 28 (5.5-6 days), demonstrated that the onset of determination of cells for osteogenesis and the cytodifferentiation of the periosteum are not temporally coupled.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 183 (1975), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Despite intensive and ingenious investigation, the origins and ultimate fate of the osteoclast remain shrouded in mystery. This brief review evaluates some of the recent experimental approaches used in the study of the osteoclast, especially whether they form from intra- or extra-skeletal progenitor cells, whether from the same osteoprogenitor cell as the osteoblast, and whether, once formed, they may modulate to osteoblasts.That osteoprogenitor cells can, and do, become osteoclasts is well founded, as is the conclusion that such progenitor cells originate as blood-borne, extraskeletal cells. Evidence that sessile, intra-skeletal, progenitor cells can form osteoclasts is less direct. There is good evidence that osteoclasts both shed and take-up nuclei, but no direct evidence that nuclear shedding is accompanied by death of the osteoclast, and no direct evidence for the fate of the shed nuclei. Whether the same osteoprogenitor cell can produce either an osteoblast or an osteoclast also remains an open question.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 243-255 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The L-proline analog, L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, (LACA) was injected into embryonated eggs of the common fowl, Gallus domesticus at daily doses of 350 μg/egg on one or several days between 8 and 12 days of incubation. Treatment at nine-days of incubation preferentially retarded embryonic growth to the twelfth day but recovery of growth rate occurred by 15 days of incubation. Relationships between growth and LACA-inhibited aspects of collagenogenesis are discussed.The earliest aged embryos from which isolated stem cells from membrane bones will form secondary cartilage is ten days of incubation. Secondary chondro-genesis on the quadratojugal, a membrane bone of the skull, was inhibited by treatment of whole embryos with LACA at nine days of incubation but not by treatment at eight days. We concluded that an event involving collagen began at nine days of incubation, was blocked by LACA, and was part of the process of chondrogenic determination of these stem cells. Addition of LACA to the medium in which already determined stem cells from the quadratojugal were cultured prevented expression of the chondrogenic phenotype. This proline analog is then a useful probe for events relating both to determination and to expression of the differentiated state, and allows conclusions to be drawn regarding the role of col-lagenogenesis in these events.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 194 (1979), S. 469-475 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Whether neural crest cells from the avian embryo are determined for chondrogenesis before they begin their migration away from the neural tube (i.e., before H. H. stages 8.5-9) was investigated by establishing neural folds from embryos of H. H. stages 5-11 either in organ culture, or as grafts to the chorioallantoic membranes of host embryos. Cartilage differentiated from neural folds taken from embryos of H. H. stages 5-7 but not from those taken from older embryos. This stage specific pattern was reversed when the tissue adjacent to the neural tube was grafted to the chorioallantoic membrane. Cartilage only formed from tissues isolated later than H. H. stage 8; i.e., when these adjacent tissues contain neural crest cells. We concluded that neural crest cells are determined for chondrogenesis while still in the neural tube and before their migration to the face and head. This is in contrast to the situation in the only other group which has been examined, the urodele amphibians.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 188 (1977), S. 229-239 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intact mandibular processes and the enzymatically separated mesenchymal and epithelial components of the mandible from embryonic chicks of 2.5- to 5-day incubation (Hamburger and Hamilton, '51: stages 16-25) were grown individually, either in organ culture or as grafts to the chorioallantoic membranes of host embryos. The differentiation of cultured and grafted intact mandibular processes was histologically normal, but the time of histodifferentiation differed from that in vivo. The histodifferentiation of cultured and grafted mandibular mesenchyme grown isolated from its epithelium depended upon the age of the embryo from which the mesenchyme had been obtained. Intramembranous ossification producing membrane bones of the mandible occurred in mesenchyme isolated from 4.5- to 5-day embryos (HH 24-25), but did not occur in mesenchyme isolated from younger embryos. Cartilage (Meckel's) and subperichondrial bone in the articular process of Meckel's cartilage differentiated in mesenchyme isolated from embryos of all age groups tested (HH 16-25). Mandibular mesenchyme, therefore, requires the presence of epithelium until 4.5 days of incubation if the membrane bones of the mandible are to differentiate; if epithelial influences are required for Meckel's cartilage and subperichondrial bone formation, they are not required beyond 2.5 days of incubation. Mandibular epithelium isolated from its mesenchyme became layers of squamous cells in culture; but when grafted onto the chorioallantoic membrane, the epithelium became underlain by host fibroblasts and differentiated into a stratified squamous epithelium. Mandibular epithelium, therefore, is capable of differentiation in the presence of foreign fibroblasts derived from the chorioallantoic membrane.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 767-777 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method for inducing paralysis in embryonic chicks is described. This involves single injections of the neuromuscular blocking agents, D-tubocurarine Chloride or decamethonium iodide, into 10-day embryos. The dose which optimises survival and paralysis is determined along with the effect of the drugs on embryonic growth. Decamethonium iodide at a dose of 1 mg per embryo gave maximum survival and paralysis to 18 days of incubation. Paralysis was assessed by observation of treated embryos in ovo and by examination of embryos removed from their shells between 11 and 18 days of incubation. Embryos were completely paralysed 24 hours post-injection and remained paralysed until 18 days of incubation. Paralysed embryos failed to hatch. Development of the leg musculature was severely retarded in paralysed embryos. This method of inducing paralysis has considerable advantages over previous continuous infusion methods. The growth and collagen content of the tibia in the paralysed embryos was reduced and these results, and other applications of the method, are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 154 (1979), S. 485-495 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The possibility that cartilages of differing embryological origins behave as separate types with respect to cell-to-cell associations was tested by placing the cut ends of transversely sectioned embryonic chick tibial cartilages (of mesodermal origin) in apposition to transversely sectioned Meckel's cartilages (a neural crest (ectodermal) cartilage) on the surface of a semi-solid organ culture medium and maintaining the combinations in vitro for five to ten days. Tibia-tibia and Meckel's cartilage-Meckel's cartilage (homotypic) combinations, which served as controls, became united by a common extracellular matrix and by the proliferation of chondroblasts. Analysis of combinations where one partner had been prelabelled with 3H-thymidine indicated that chondroblasts intermingled at the contact zone. In contrast, tibia-Meckel's cartilage (heterotypic) combinations became separated by a layer of fibrous tissue. The chondroblasts at the contact zone failed to intermingle. We conclude that avian embryonic chondrocytes are not all equivalent and that part of their non-equivalence could be related to their embryological origin either from the mesoderm or from the ectodermal neural crest.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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