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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 25 (1969), S. 942-943 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Wasser-Glyzerin extrahierte fibrilläre Muskelfasern (Fasermodelle) vonLethocerus maximus zeigen im ATP-Bad nach plötzlicher Dehnung das Phänomen der Dehnungsaktivierung, gefolgt von einer gedämpften, temperaturabhängigen isometrischen Oszillation der Kontraktionsspannung. Die Frequenz entspricht offenbar der Eigenfrequenz zyklisch tätiger « KontraktionsbrÜcken » zwischen Aktin und Myosin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 24 (1968), S. 529-536 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während des Insektenfluges oszillieren die fibrillären Muskeln dank einem myofibrillären Automatismus. Oszillation der Myofibrillen ist in ATP-Salzlösungen selbst nach Isolierung der kontraktilen Strukturen möglich. Dies erlaubt In-vitro-Untersuchungen der mechano-chemischen Energiekoppelung der Muskelkontraktion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Insect Flight muscle: Oscillation ; Oscillation Coupled ATPase ; Chemomechanical Energyconversion ; Contractile Mechanism: Efficiency ; Insekten-Flugmuskeln: Oscillation ; Oscillationsgekoppelte ATPase ; Chemomechanische Energietransformation ; Contractiler Mechanismus: Nutzeffekt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glycerol extracted fibre bundles or single fibres from the dorsolongitudinal muscle of Lethocerus maximus were suspended in ATP-saltsolution; they were then held isometrically or they were sinusoidally stretched and released about a mean length (102%L 0) at an oscillation amplitude of 1–4% of the length. At very low frequencies (less than 0,2 cycles/sec) the ATPase activity remained the same as under static conditions at the mean length since the activity increase produced by stretch was compensated by the activity reduction during release. At frequencies approaching 2–3 cycles/sec the ATPase activity greatly exceeded the activity level under static conditions (at the mean fibre length and even at the extended length) by an amount (Extra-ATPase activity) depending on the oscillation amplitude. At this frequency sinusoidal tension changes lagged behind sinusoidal length changes, indicating that the fibre preparation was producing oscillatory power (about 0.3 μ cal/min cm fibre). The power output was often proportional to the square of the oscillation amplitude and mostly proportional to the oscillation induced extra-ATPase activity, suggesting a close mechanochemical coupling in the sense of a biochemical ‘Fenn effect’. At an oscillation amplitude the of 3–4%L 0 maximal rates of extra ATP-splitting were observed, which amounted to 1–3 molecules of ATP split per crossbridge during each oscillation cycle. The mechanochemical coefficient approached 2–3 kcal/mole ATP split, indicating and ‘efficiency’ of up to 30%. We suggest that power producing oscillation increases the rate of actin-myosin interactions and we conclude that — like living muscle — the isolated contractile machinery transforms chemical energy (from ATP) into mechanical work with a high efficiency, and that the amount of work done controls the extent of the chemical reaction which takes place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Myofibrilläre Oscillation ; Myofibrilläre ATPase ; molekulare Bioenergetik ; glycerinextrahierte Insektenmuskeln ; Myofibrillar Oscillation ; Myofibrillar ATPase ; Molecular Bioenergetics ; Glycerinated Insect Fibrillar Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Glycerol extracted fibres from the dorsal longitudinal muscle ofLethocerus maximus represent the “isolated” contractile machinery and they produce oscillatory power in ATP salt solution when they are driven to oscillate at frequencies greater than 0.5 c/sec by sinusoidal stretch and release. Increasing the frequency increases the ATPase activity (oscillation induced or “dynamic” extra ATPase) and the output of power. But in previous experiments, an increase in frequency exceeding about 4 c/sec often leads to a complete loss of power output and to the development of the “high-tension state”, especially when the free calcium concentration was high (10−5 M), at high temperatures (above 25°C) or at large amplitudes of oscillation. Avoiding the “high-tension state” by supplying the glycerinated fibres with up to 15 mM Mg-ATP or 0.1 mg/ml myokinase we are now able to show that the rate of ATP splitting and the rate of doing work are both optimal when the frequency was 20–25 c/sec (the wingbeat frequency of living Lethocerus) at 10−5M Ca++ and 30°C, even at physiological oscillation amplitude (about 2–3% of the fibre length). The power output is then of the same order of magnitude as in live insect flight muscle. Above the optimum frequency, both power output and ATPase activity decrease in a parallel fashion and they vanish completely at about 60 c/sec. Decreasing either the free calcium concentration or the temperature reduces the optimum frequency. The parallelism of the frequency dependence of the ATPase activity and power output under various conditions is a consequence of the rather constant ratio of the rate of doing work and the rate of ATP splitting, both of which depend on the rate of actin-myosin interaction. At high calcium concentration the ratio or the mechanochemical coefficient is about 3–4 kcal/mole of ATP split (i.e. 50%), at 10 c/sec oscillation but the efficiency is much less at 15 or 2 c/sec, indicating a less tight chemo-mechanical coupling.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die in Form glycerin-extrahierter Fasern isolierte contractile Maschine des dorso-longitudinalen Muskels vonLethocerus maximus leistet oscillatorische Arbeit bei sinusoidaler Dehnung und Entdehnung in einem ATP-haltigen Medium und bei Frequenzen größer als 0,5 Hz. Eine Erhöhung der Frequenz erhöht die ATPase-Aktivität (oszillationsinduzierte oder dynamische Extra-ATPase) und die mechanische Leistung; eine Erhöhung über 4 Hz führte jedoch in früheren Experimenten oft zu einem totalen Verlust der Leistungsfähigkeit und der Extra ATPase und zur Zunahme der contractilen Spannung (High-tension state), vor allem dann, wenn die freie Calciumkonzentration sehr hoch war (10−5 M), bei Temperaturen über 25°C oder bei relativ großen Oscillationsamplituden. Indem wir den Fasern bis zu 15 mM Mg-ATP und Myokinase (0.1 mg/ml) zuführten, vermieden wir das Auftreten eines “High-tension state”. Dann aber war bei 30°C und 10−5M Ca++ die Rate der Arbeitsleistung und der ATP-Spaltung maximal bei einer Frequenz von 20–25 Hz; (das entspricht der Frequenz des Flügelschlages im lebenden Lethocerus). Bei einer Oscillationsamplitude von 2–3% der Muskellänge ist dann die mechanische Leistung des Flugmuskels sogar von derselben Größenordnung wie in der lebenden, fliegenden Wasserwanze. Oberhalb der optimalen Frequenz nehmen Leistung und ATPase Aktivität parallel ab und verschwinden bei etwa 60 Hz getriebener Oszillation. Eine Erniedrigung der freien Calciumkonzentration oder der Temperatur erniedrigt die optimale Frequenz. Der Parallelismus in der Frequenzabhängigkeit von Leistung und ATPase Aktivität unter ganz verschiedenen Bedingungen ist eine Konsequenz des ziemlich konstanten Verhältnisses der Arbeitsrate und der ATP-Spaltungsrate, die ja beide von der Aktin-Myosin Interaktionsrate abhängen. Bei hohen freien Calciumkonzentrationen ist dieser Koeffizient allerdings weniger konstant, nämlich etwa 3–4 kcal/mol gespaltenes ATP bei einer Frequenz von 10 Hz, aber nur 1 kcal bei 2 oder 15 Hz.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 305 (1968), S. 34-46 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Insect Flight Muscle ; Stretchactivation ; Stretchactivated ATPase ; Mechanochemistry of Muscle ; Insekten-Flugmuskeln ; Dehnungsaktivierung ; Dehnungsaktivierte ATPase ; Mechanochemie des Muskels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The myofibrillar ATPase activity of glycerol extracted insect fibrillar muscle fibres (Dorsolongitudinal muscle, Lethocrrus) suspended in ATP-salt solution was determined in dependence of fibre length. Little change occurred between 70 and 100%L 0. But stretching by only 2–3%L 0 nearly doubled the ATPase activity and the contractile tension. The proportional increase in tension an ATPase activity in the range of 100–103%L 0 (30 pmoles ATP split for 1 dyne by 1 cm fibre during 1 min) observed after stretching suggests an increase in the extent of actinmyosin interaction, inspite of the fact that the actin-myosin overlap zone then slightly decreases. The relation between tension increase and ATPase activity increase is nearly the same after stretching or after raising the free calcium concentration; nonetheless, the stretch induced activation is apparently not due to an increase in the calcium affinity of actomyosin (as suggested byChaplain) because stretch activation is observed even at ‘enzyme saturating’ concentrations of 10−5 M Ca2+. Furthermore the sigmoidal relationship between ATPase activity (or tension) and p Ca and in particular the calcium concentration required for 50% activation is similar in stretched and unstretched fibres, in myofibrils and in actomyosin. The fibre preparation may be stretched in ‘relaxing solution’ containing less than 10−8 M Ca++ (i.e. in the absence of actin-myosin crosslinking), but the ATPase activity increase following stretching is then only observed after increasing the [Ca++] to ≳ 10−7 M; it is correlated with passive tension in relaxing solution rather than with the extent of stretch, suggesting that the element responding to a length change is apparently the passive tension bearing myosin filament which is attached to the Z-line in insect flight muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 87 (1968), S. 603-621 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Glycerinextrahierte Fasern aus den longitudinalen Flugmuskeln der tropischen Wasserwanze Lethocerus maximus verkürzen sich mit ATP maximal auf 80% L 0. Mit ITP lassen sich dagegen Verkürzungen auf 30% L 0 induzieren. Übereinstimmend wird ITP stärker gespalten als ATP. Die enzymatische Aktivität sinkt mit der Verkürzung und bleibt zwischen 70% und 50% L 0 gleich. Das Längen-Spannungsdiagramm mit ITP ist biphasisch, da bei rund 80% L 0 ein Spannungsminimum erreicht wird und weitere Verkürzung auf 60% L 0 wieder zu vermehrter Spannung führt. Die verschiedenen Verkürzungsstadien wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Bei Ausgangslänge (L 0) der Fasern und selbst in gedehnten Präparaten wurden die für die asynchronen Insektenmuskeln typischen Verbindungen der Primärfilamente mit der Z- Scheibe bestätigt. Bei Verkürzung auf 90% L 0 tritt eine Verdichtung und Verbreiterung des Z- Scheibenkomplexes ein, die bei 80% L 0 ihr Maximum zeigen und die auf eine Stauchung der Primärfilamente an der Z- Scheibe hindeuten. Gleichzeitig bildet sich durch Doppelüberlappung der Sekundärfilamente in der Sarcomerenmitte ein C M-Band aus. Verkürzungen, die über 80% L 0 hinausgehen, sind mit einer Auflockerung der Filamentanordnung innerhalb der Myofibrillen verbunden und führen so zu deren Verbreiterung. Die Primärfilamente verlaufen auch dann noch faserparallel. Sie durchstoßen die Z-Scheibe jedoch, wenn überhaupt, dann nur in sehr geringem Umfange, denn im Querschnitt ist ihre Zahl pro Myofibrille bei 60% L 0 praktisch ebenso groß wie bei 100% L 0. Ihre Länge muß sich infolgedessen mit zunehmender Superkontraktion verringern. Dementsprechend ist der Durchmesser der Primärfilamente in den auf 60% L 0 verkürzten Fasern etwa 30% dicker als in erschlafften Fasern.
    Notes: Summary Glycerol extracted fibers from the longitudinal flight muscles of the tropical waterbug Lethocerus maximus are able to shorten to 80% of their resting length (L 0) in the presence of 5 mM Mg-ATP. With ITP on the other hand the fibers shorten to 30% L 0. The isometric tension is also much larger (about 1 kg/cm2) with ITP than with ATP and accordingly the ITPase activity is higher than the ATPase activity. The enzymatic activity decreases during shortening to 70% L 0 and remains constant between 70% and 50% L 0. The tension length relationship is biphasic since during shortening to 80% L 0 the tension decreases to a low value and increases again during further shortening to 60 % L 0. The different states of shortening have been examined with the electron microscope after glutaraldehyde/OsO4 fixation. At resting length and even in stretched preparations the thick filaments are linked to the Z discs by means of thin connections as shown by previous authors. At 90-80% L 0 the region of the Z disc increases in thickness and density, suggesting, perhaps, that the primary filaments become squashed. In the middle of the sarcomere the thin filaments — the length of which remains strictly constant — double-overlap, i. e. they form C Mcontraction bands. At lengths shorter than 80% L 0 the hexagonal array of the myofilaments is disturbed. Even then the thick filaments remain straight and oriented in parallel to the fibre axis. Some of the electron micrographs show an apparent penetration of the Z discs by thick filaments. But the extent of penetration — if there is any — must be small since in cross-sections the number of thick filaments per myofibril is similar as in relaxed fibers. Tentatively we assume, therefore, that the length of thick filaments decreases during supercontraction to 60% L 0 especially since their diameter increases by about 30% under these conditions.
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