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  • 1955-1959  (339)
  • 1935-1939
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (339)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sur certaince propriétes des polymères greffés en solution (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 34 (1959), S. 517-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In order to establish the general solubility rules for graft copolymers, a first theory has been proposed from data in the literature and from our own results, a experimental basis is given for a more advanced theory. Two limited cases have been considered; (a) The polymers are perfectly miscible, (b) both polymers are completely incompatible. In case (a) the solubility coefficient of the graft copolymers is an arithmetic means of those of the corresponding homopolymers. In case (b) it is impossible to attribute a solubility coefficient to the graft copolymer, and in some cases, the copolymers with an intermediate degree of grafting should be insoluble. The separation of graft copolymers PVC-PAN, PVC-PMMA, PVC-PAN, and PI-PS from their homopolymers was studied and the results discussed on the basis of this theory. In the case of the graft copolymer PI-PS, although both polymers are incompatible, the difference between the solubility coefficients is sufficiently low so that the behavior of this graft copolymer is analogous to case (a) and it is possible to evaluate the degree of grafting from the limits of precipitation. The experimental results of different authors, related to the solubility of graft copolymers, are discussed.
    Notes: Afin d'établir des régles générales de solubilité des copolymères greffés, nous proposons une ébauche de théorie et nous essayons de dégager, à partir de nos résultats et des données bibliographiques existantes, une base expérimentale pour une théorie plus perfectionnée. Les deux cas limités suivants sont envisagés:(a) Les polymeères sont parfaitement miscibles; (b) les deux polymères sont complètement incompatibles.Dans le cas (a), le coefficient de solubilité des copolymères greffés est une moyenne arithmétique de ceux des homopolyméres correspondants. Dans le cas (b), il est impossible d'attribuer au copolymère greffé un coefficient de solubilité et dans certaines conditions, les copolymères de taux de greffage intermédiaire devraient ětre insolubles. La séparation des copolymères greffés PVC-PAN, PVC-PMMA, PVC-PAN et PI-PS des homopolymères est étudiée et les résultats discutés à la lumière de la théorie cidessus. Dans le cas du copolymère greffé PI-PS, bien que les deux polymères constituants soient incompatibles, l'écart entre les coefficients de solubilité est suffisamment petit pour que son comportement se rapproche du cas (a) et il est possible d'évaluer le taux de greffage à partit des limites de précipitation. Les résultats expérimentaux de différents auteurs, relatifs à la solubilité des copolymères greffé sont également discutés.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1959.1203412737
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on the diffusion of water into a dry keratin fiber (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1 (1959), S. 371-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070010317
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über das anodische Verhalten von Kupfer-Zink-Legierungen in Natriumcyanidlösungen I (1957)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 8 (1957), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Anodic behavior of copper zinc alloys in sodium cyanide solutions IThe solubility of alloyed metal anodes is conditioned by the potential of the most not noble constituent of the alloy and the solubility of te cover primary formed on the surface of this constituent. Zinc and brass could be passivated much more easily tan copper. Both the constituents of the alloy react indepently just loke the pure metals. α + β bras is more active and can not be passivated as easily as α-brass. There are only gradual differences between the corrosion processes as well as between the reactions of anodic solution or passivation. The two metals dissolve one after the other and get passivated iin a process consisting of two steps. The voltage of the alloy shows the existence of a small depolarizing effect of teh metals upon one another.
    Notes: Die Löslichkeit von Legierungsanoden wird durch das Potential des unedelsten Bestandteiles der Legierung und die Löslichkeit der sich auf diesem Bestandteil primär ausbildenden Deckschicht bestimmt. Zink und Messing ist leichter zu passivieren als Kupfer. Beide Bestandteile reagieren in der Legierung unabhängig voneinander ähnlich wie die reinen Metalle, α + β-Messing ist aktiver und daher schwerer zu passivieren als α-Messing. Zwischen den Korrosionserscheinungen sowie den Vorgängen bei der anodischen Auflösung oder Passivierung der Legierungsanode bestehen nur graduelle Unterschiede. die beiden Metalle geben nacheinander in Lösung und werden in zwei Stufenprozessen passiv. Die Potentiale der Legierung zeigen eine geringe depolarisierende Wirkung der beiden Einzelmetalle aufeinander.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19570080104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über das anodische Verhalten von Messing in Lösungen von Kupfer- und Zinkcyaniden II (1957)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 8 (1957), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the anodic behavior of brass in copper and zinc cyanide solutions IIThe processes of the anodic dissolution and passivation of brass in copper and zinc cyanide solutions were investigated by means of the Mueller Machu method, measurements of potential and gravimetric analyses. The solubility of the anodes is conditioned mainly by the bulkconcentration of the electrolyte, the content of free NaCN and the current density. Zinc and copper dissolve independently. Zinc is the first to dissolve. Zinc cyanide has the same effect upon the solubility as free NaCN. By alteration of the experimental conditions it has been possible fo force a brass anode to behave one time like a zinc anode and the other time like a copper anode. The solubility of zinc in brass is decreased by increasing copper concentrations of the electrolyte. The solubility of the brass anode does not increase according to a linear but to an exponential law. Measurements of potential show that the voltage of brass electrodes is sensitive to concentration polarizations by zinc ions.
    Notes: Die Vorgänge bei der anodischen Auflösung und Passivierung von Messing wurden in Cu- und Zn-Cyanidlösungen mit Hilfe der Untersuchungsmethoden von Müller-Machu, Potentialmessungen und gravimetrisch-analytisch untersucht. Die Löslichkeit der Anoden wird vornehmlich durch die Gesamtkonzentration des Elektrolyten, den Gehalt an freiem NaCN und die Stromdichte bestimmt. Zink und Kupfer lösen sich praktisch unabhängig voneinander auf, wobei zuerst das Zink in Lösung geht. Zink-cyanid wirkt ähnlich auf die Löslichkeit wie freies NaCN. Durch Änderung der Versuchsbedingungen ist es möglich, daß sich eine Messinganode einmal wie eine Zink-, das anderemal wie eine Kupferanode verhält. Die Löslichkeit des Zinks im Messing wird durch Erhöhung des Kupfergehaltes des Bades herabgesetzt. Die Löslichkeit der Messinganode steigt nicht linear, sondern exponentiell mit der Konzentration der Badbestandteile an. Potentialmessungen zeigen, daß die Messingelektroden auf eine Konzentrationspolarisation durch Zinkionen ansprechen.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19570080202
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Abscheidung des Chroms aus komplexen Chromisulfatlösungen (1959)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 556-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The segregation of chromium from complex chromium sulphate solutionsUnder certain conditions of amperage, temperature and pH value, it is possible for chromium to be segregated, in glossy form, from complex chromium tri-sulphate solutions containing urea, at a current utilisation of 10 to 15 per cent. Such coatings can be used as a substitute for decorative chromium, though not for hard-chromium plating, as it is not possible to obtain coatings of major thickness. The method permits the direct chromium plating, zinc and iron. The chromium coatings show fissures which tend to widen at higher amperages.
    Notes: In komplexen Chrom-III-sulfatlösungen, die Harnstoff enthalten, kann Chrom unter bestimmten Bedingungen für Stromstärke, Temperature und pH-Werte in glänzender Form und bei Stromausbeuten von 10 bis 15% abgeschieden werden. Die Überzüge kommen als Ersatz für dekoratives Chrom, jedoch nicht für die Hartverchromung in Betracht, da größere Schichtdicken nicht erhalten werden. Kupfer, Messing, Nickel, Zink und Eisen können unmittelbar in glänzender Form verchromt werden. Die Chromüberzüge weisen Sprünge auf, die bei höheren Stromdichten breiter werden.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19590100905
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Einfluß einiger Schutzkolloide auf die Korrosion von Messing (1959)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 26-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of Protective Colloids upon the Corrosion of BrassSome investigations showed that the corrosion of brass by acid plant substances is much lower than that caused by the corresponding vegetable acids of the same pH-value. The reason is obviously the presence of colloids in the plant matter. The article presents the results of investigations on the effects of protective colloids like pulvis acacia, e.g. albumin, agar, dextrine and potato starch upon the corrosion of brass in citric acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. The data are represented in chart form. The protective effects of the various colloids differ very much according to the combination of colloid and acid. While an essential decrease of corrosion took place in citric acid solutions which is explained by an adsorption of colloid on the metal surface and the formation of a protective cover, the rate of corrosion was increased if hydrochloric acid was used even at constant concentration of colloids. Here dezincification took place which means that the more basic metal suffered a more intensive corrosive attack. The authors believe that protection in hydrochloric solutions could be achieved if a higher concentration of the colloid were used.
    Notes: Bei Forschungsarbeiten war gefunden worden, daß die Korrosion von Messing durch säuernde pflanzliche Substanzen geringer war als die durch die entsprechenden Fruchtsäuren mit gleichem pH verursachte Korrosion. Der Grund der Herabsetzung war offenbar der Kolloidgehalt der Pflanzen und in der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Resultate von Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung derartiger Schutzkolloide wie Pulvis Acacia, Ei-Albumin, Agar, Dextrin und Kartoffelstärke auf die Korrosion von Messing in Zitronensäure, Salzsäure und Schwefelsäure vorgelegt. Das Material wurde in Tabellen zusammengestellt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Schutzwirkung der verschiedenen Kolloide sehr unterschiedlich war, sowohl in Bezug auf die Kolloide selbst als auch auf die angewandten Säuren. Während sich bei Zitronensäure deutliche Schutzwirkung durch Herabsetzung der Korrosion einstellte, die durch Adsorption des Kolloids an das Metall und Bildung eines Schutzfilms erklärt wird, wurde bei Salzsäure die Korrosion erhöht, wenn die gleichen Kolloidkonzentrationen angewendet wurden und es trat “Entzinkung” ein, d. h., das basische Metal wurde stärker angegriffen. Die Verfasser sind der Meinung, daß bei Verwendung höherer Kolloidkonzentrationen auch bei Salzsäure Schutzwirkung eintreten würde.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19590100104
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über das Abscheidungspotential und den Reaktionsmechanismus der Chromabscheidung aus komplexen Chrom-III-sulfatlösungen (1959)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 617-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The segregation Potential and the reaction mechanism of the segregation of chromium from complex chromium-tri-sulphate solutionsThere is no chromium segregation from pure chromium-trisulphate solutions, but the chromium hydroxide coatings at the copper cathodes are thicker. Chromium segregation only becomes possible with complex formation due to the addition of urea, which calls for very strong negative potentials exceeding EH = -1.06V. The variation of current and potential, as a function of time, gives rise to the assumption that a film acting as a diaphragm is formed on the cathode. This film is a pre-requisite to the segregation of chromium, land is also the cause of the gloss of the coatings. The mechanism of chromium segregation from the complex chromium-tri-sulphate bath is very similar to that from a chromic acid bath.
    Notes: Aus reinen Chrom-III-sulfatlösungen findet keine Chromabscheidung statt, sondern es treten nur dickere Überzüge aus Chromhydroxyd an Kupferkathoden auf. Erst bei einer Komplexbildung durch zugesetzten Harnstoff wird die Chromabscheidung möglich, wobei sehr stark negative Potentiale von mehr als EH = - 1,06 V erforderlich sind. Aus dem zeitlichen Verlauf der Stromstärke und des Potentials wurde auf die Ausbildung eines diaphragmenartigen Filmes auf der Kathode geschlossen, der erst die Voraussetzung für die Chromabscheidung ist. Er bewirkt auch den Glanz der Überzüge. Die Chromabscheidung aus dem komplexen Chrom-III-sulfatbad geht nach einem sehr ähnlichen Mechanismus wie die aus dem Chromsäurebade vor sich.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19590101005
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of oxygen pressure on the thermal degradation of a methylphenylsilicone (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2 (1959), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The manner in which changes in air pressure affect the thermal and oxidative degradation of a methylphenylsilicone was investigated as a function of time. A closed, gas-circulating system of 1500-cc. volume, incorporating a magnetic balance for following loss of weight in the sample, was employed. Finely ground samples were heated at 400°C. for 7 hours with initial pressures of air ranging from 700 to 50 mg. Hg. Mass spectrometric and infrared analyses identified the gaseous and the volatile products. At all pressures, low molecular weight silicones represented a major portion of the weight loss. Final weight losses in air approximated 10%, and approached, at the lowest pressure (50 mm.), the 7% observed in argon. Water and benzene were evolved, the latter at a rate that decreased with decrease in pressure. Traces of phenol, formaldehyde, propane, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons were also given off. The evolution of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and hydrogen and the consumption of oxygen were followed in detail. Changes in air pressure from 700 to 300 mm. did not alter appreciably the rates of product evolution, oxygen consumption, and of weight loss. At lower presures (300 to 50 mm.), however, the molar ratio of the total noncondensed gases generated to total oxygen consumed increased, indicating a possible change in reaction mechanism.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070020606
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosensitive polymers. II. Sensitization of poly(vinyl cinnamate)Communication No. 2027 from the Kodak Research Laboratories. (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2 (1959), S. 308-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was reported in Part I of this series that coatings of various polymers containing cinnamic ester groups are rendered insoluble by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and that the rate of insolubilization may be increased by the inclusion of certain organic compounds. A continued systematic examination of the behavior of several hundred organic compounds has revealed that the ability to sensitize to some degree is quite general, provided that no complicating factors are present. The sensitivity of poly(vinyl cinnamate) is decreased by the presence of reducing groups in the addend, and sensitizing activity is lowered by interaction between adjacent groups. It is enhanced by the introduction of increasing conjugation and of ketone, nitro, or amino groups. Spectrograms of polymer-sensitizer combinations indicate that, with increasing sensitivity value, the sensitivity shifts towards, and, in some cases, into, the visible portion of the spectrum.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070020608
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation crosslinking of rubber. IV. Ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2 (1959), S. 340-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When purified rubber is exposed in vacuo to high energy radiation, very few conjugated triene groups are formed relative to the number of molecules of hydrogen evolved. This indicates that less than 4% of the hydrogen is evolved from adjacent carbon atoms in the same molecule, a reaction which would have no immediate crosslinking potential. Rather more conjugated diene groups have been detected, but when these are compared together with triene groups relative to the yield of chemical crosslinks it can be calculated that less than 10% of the allylic radical precursors disproportionate. Infrared absorption spectra do not indicate the marked decrease in unsaturation reported by some previous workers. Slight changes in the infared spectra may indicate some cis-trans isomerization. There is qualitative evidence for a small increase in vinylidene unsaturation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070020615
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