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  • 1955-1959  (7)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1890-1899
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (7)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1 (1959), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical treatment is given which predicts the behavior of a foamed elastic material on the basis of a model consisting of a network of thin threads. Two cases are considered: (1) small strains, and (2) finite compressions, when the major part of the deformation of the threads is attributed to buckling. The behavior is given in terms of Young's modulus of the matrix and the density of the foam. Measurements of the load-deformation relations for small tensile strains and finite compressions are described for natural rubber foams prepared from latex. A wide range of density is covered (0.09-0.57), giving a variation of compression hardness of about 100:1. Satisfactory agreement with theory is found for both the cases considered, indicating that the basic concepts of the structure and mode of deformation are correct.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2 (1959), S. 354-357 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical treatment is given which predicts the tear strength of a foamed elastic material. The energy required to break a test-piece in simple extension is also calculated, on the assumption that tensile failure occurs by catastrophic tearing from a small nick of a similar size to the largest pore present in the test-piece. The behavior is given in terms of the strength of the matrix, the density of the foam, and the pore size. Measurements of the tear strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break are described for natural rubber foams prepared from latex. A wide range of density is covered (0.09-0.5) giving a variation in tear strength of 9 : 1 and in work-to-break of 24 : 1. Satisfactory agreement with theory is found in both cases, indicating that the basic concepts of the modes of failure are correct. It is concluded that uniformity of pore size is required for maximum strength, and a large average pore size for high tear resistance.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 18 (1955), S. 189-200 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method of investigating the tear behavior of rubber vulcanizates is described. The method, based on the tear criterion of Rivlin and Thomas, involves the determination of the energy required to propagate a tear and its dependence on the rate of propagation. The type of test-piece employed and the methods of measuring the energy and rate of tear propagation are described and discussed. Two principal types of tearing, indicative of different tear processes, are described. Experimental results for natural rubber and GR-S gum vulcanizates, obtained over a wide range of temperature and rate of propagation, are given to illustrate the method. The results indicate that the nature of the tear process and the resistance to tearing, as represented by the energy required to propagate a tear, can change appreciably with the rate of propagation and the temperature. The significance of these changes is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 28 (1958), S. 625-628 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 18 (1955), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strain distribution around the tip of an incision in a thin test-piece of highly elastic material is considered. Using the results of a previous paper, relations between this strain distribution and the over-all forces or strains are derived for two particular types of test-piece. Experiments designed to check the theory are described, and agreement is found to be satisfactory. The theory is extended qualitatively to the case where the test-piece is taken to the point of rupture, and experiments are described which confirm the approximate relation derived. The relevance to tearing and to the previously proposed tear criterion is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 30 (1959), S. 48-80 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By investigating the stability of swollen membranes it can be demonstrated that several systems, e.g. porous glass in practically all solvents, sheet-cellulose in water, methanol, ethanol and dimethyl-formamide are stable, whereas other materials do not permit stable gel-systems; in the latter case, osmotic measurements with permeation of the solute therefore should be of questionable value.With membranes permeable to solute, deviations of the experimentally measured osmotic pressure from the theoretical value for short-time measurements, are due to the invalidity of equilibrium thermodynamics according to the theory of STAVERMAN. The influence of change in concentration due to solute permeation can be made negligible.It is demonstrated in detail that in the medium range of molecular weights, experimental values conform with equilibrium thermodynamics, sufficiently high concentrations provided. With decreasing concentration deviations are increasing. Extrapolation to zero-concentration does in this range lead to correct values, even though permeation effects may be observed. With sufficiently low molecular weights, this method is not applicable.Measured with a special glass-membrane-osmometer, the second virial coefficient *B above molecular weights of 2000 equals the theoretical value. Below this limit the experimental *B-value is found too low. With membranes on the basis of cellulose the *B-values measured are either correct, or to small, or to high, according to the molecular weight of the substance in question.The validity of several methods for the calculation of the second virial coefficient from viscosity measurements, which have been discussed recently, is tested.
    Notes: Die Gel-Stabilität von Membranen wird untersucht. Als stabile System werdun gefunden: Glas mit praktisch allen Lösungsmitteln, Cellulosehydrat mit Wasser, Methanol Äthanol und Dimethylformamid. Als instabil und damit unbrauchbar für quantitative Aussagen bei permeablen Systemen werden gefunden: Cellulosehydrat-Membranen in Aromaten, Aliphaten, Butanon, halogenierten Kohlenwasserstoffen und Polyvinylalkohol, Polyäthylenterephthalat, Teflon und Polyäthylen für sämtliche Lösungsmittel. Auf Möglichkeiten der Änderung der Gel-Stabilität wird hingewiesen.Bei permeablen Membranen ist die Abweichung des gemessenen osmotischen Druckes vom theoretisch zu erwartenden bei Kurzzeitversuchen praktisch nur auf die Nichtgültigkeit der Gleichgewichtsthermodynamik im Sinne der STAVERMANschen Albeitungen zurückzuführen. Der Einfluß der Konzentrationsverschiebung durch Permeation ist dagegen vernachlässigbar gering. Als Testsubstanzen werden Polyäthylenglykole verschiedenen Molekulargewichtes, Tristearin, Rohrzucker und Laevulose verwendet. Der Gültigkeitsbereich der Gleichgewichtsthermodynamik wird bei Glasmembranen bis herab zu M ∼ 2000 und bei Cellophan 600 zu M ∼ 3000 gefunden.Im einzelnen wird gezeigt, daß in mittleren Molekulargewichtsbereichen die Meßwerte bei höheren Konzentrationen die von der Gleichgewichtsthermodynamik geforderten erreichen, mit abnehlimenden Konzentrationen jedoch immer stärkere Abweichungen von der Gleichgewichtsthermodynamik auftreten. Die Extrapolation der Asymptoten zu c → ∞ auf c = 0 ergibt selbst dann richtige Molekulargewichte, wenn schon präparativ Permeation gefunden wird. Bei sehr niedrigen Molekulargewichten entspricht auch die Asymptote nicht mehr der Gleichgewichtsthermodynamik. Die an Glasmembranen gefundenen 2. Virialkoeffizienten *B sind über M ∼ 2000 gleich den theoretischen, darunter sind sie geringer. Bei Membranen auf Cellulosehydratbasis werden je nach Molekulargewicht richtige, zu niedrige oder zu hohe *B-Werte aus den Asymptoten gefunden.Die Gültigkeit einiger kürzlich vorgeschlagenen Formeln zur Berechnung des 2. Virialkoeffizienten aus Viskositätsdaten wird überprüft.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 31 (1958), S. 467-480 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cut growth in natural rubber gum vulcanizates has been studied using both steady and repeated loading. The results have been expressed in terms of the concept of the energy for tearing that has been put forward previously. With cut growth under repeated loading the tip, initially smooth, becomes rough and the rate of growth simultaneously decreases markedly to a final steady value. Some consequences of this roughening have been discussed. Measurements of cut growth under repeated loading have also been made using two different types of test piece. A rupture criterion, which has been previously proposed, predicts a definite relationship between the behavior of the two test pieces, and this has been confirmed experimentally.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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