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  • (Z)-5-decenyl acetate  (4)
  • 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attraction to pheromone sources of different quantity, quality, and spacing: Density-regulation mechanisms in bark beetleIps typographus (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1503-1523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; ipsenol ; sex ratio ; attraction ; inhibition ; Ips duplicatus ; Thanasimus ; switching ; Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ceeridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The density of bark-beetle colonization of a tree could be regulated by a quantitative effect of the pheromone signal from beetles in the tree (cessation of release of attractive pheromone) or by a qualitative effect (production of pheromone components inhibiting attraction). The quantitative hypothesis was tested onIps typographus by varying the release rate of the two known attractive compounds, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB) and (4S)-cis-verbenol (cV). The highest number of beetles were captured at traps with the highest release rates. The catch was nearly proportional to the release of MB and cV at a distance between traps of 12 m or more. At 6-, 3-, and 1.5-m distances between traps deployed in a triangular arrangement there was still a good discrimination between release rates, but relatively more beetles, especially males, were caught on the blank. The lower release rates caught an equal sex ratio while the highest release rate caught only about 30% males. The qualitative hypothesis was tested by releasing the suspected inhibitors ipsdienol (Id) and ipsenol (Ie), from traps in the same amounts as cV. Only small effects were noted forI. typographus. However, the competitorI. duplicatus was attracted to Id and inhibited by Ie, while the predatorThanasimus formicarius was attracted to both compounds. On the other hand, when the ratio of Id or Ie to cV was 10∶1 or 0.1∶1 rather than 1∶1, they affected the numbers ofI. typographus attracted. A small amount of Id combined with the attractants increased trap catch, while large amounts of Id or Ie decreased attraction, especially when combined. Attack density regulation is modeled as an effect of both quantitative and qualitative mechanisms acting in sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012294
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual variation in aggregation pheromone content of the bark beetle,Ips typographus (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1737-1761 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; individual variation ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; cis-verbenol ; trans-verbenol ; ips-dienol ; ipsenol ; α-pinene ; biosynthesis ; principal component analysis ; aggregation pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The total amounts of, and proportions among, components of the aggregation pheromone produced byIps typographus were found to vary considerably among individuals excised from attacks on standing spruce trees. Chemical analyses of 392 individual male beetles were made by GC-MS. Both unmated and mated males had log-normal frequency distributions in their content of the pheromone components 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB) andcis-verbenol (cV), since a large fraction of males had a low content. The amount of MB in male hindguts varied independently of cV and the other oxygenated monoterpenes, while the amount of cV covaried with the other pinene alcohols and showed a variation between beetles from different spruce trees. Mated males had, on average, lower amounts of MB than unmated, while the average content of cV in mated males varied with the resin content of their host trees. Ipsdienol and ipsenol were only found in mated males, but in less than 40% and 10%, respectively, of these mated males. Even-aged males exposed to α-pinene in the laboratory showed slightly less variation in the amounts of verbenols, and the variations in ratio between cV and tV were similar to those among males attacking the same spruce tree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014641
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pheromone variation among eastern European and a western Asian population of the turnip mothAgrotis segetum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1611-1622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; population variation ; olfactory receptors ; single sensillum response ; gas chromatography ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female sex pheromone composition and the male electro-physiological response with respect to the three main sex pheromone components, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, were investigated in populations ofAgrotis segetum from Armenia and Bulgaria. The percentage composition of the female-produced pheromone was 1∶52∶47 and 1∶42∶57 for the respective populations. Corresponding male receptor frequencies were 9∶90∶1 and 6∶92∶2. EAG response profiles of the male antennae were similar for the two populations. The populations from Armenia and Bulgaria differed from the earlier investigated French and Swedish populations, which have larger amounts of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate in gland extracts and have a majority of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate-sensitive receptors. Investigation of receptor frequencies on antennae of male Hungarian moths showed that individuals could be classified as either Swedish or Armenian/Bulgarian type. Males of the Swedish type were preferentially attracted to the three-component pheromone blend, whereas blends of (Z)-7-dodecenyl and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-7-dodecenol [pure or in mixture with (Z)-5-decenol] attracted the Armenian/Bulgarian type. The nature of pheromone variation among European and Asian populations of the turnip moth and possible mechanisms maintaining the variation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014094
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative variation of pheromone components in the spruce bark beetleIps typographus from different attack phases (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1029-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; spruce bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; myrtenol ; trans-myrtanol ; 2-phenylethanol ; ß-isophorone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ips typographus beetles were collected in the field, separated into eight attack phases (from beetles walking on the trunk of a tree under attack to those excavating gallery systems with a mother gallery longer than 4 cm), and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol,cis- andtrans-verbenol, verbenone, myrtenol, trans-myrtanol, ipsenol, ipsdienol, and 2-phenylethanol were quantified from excised hindguts against an internal standard, heptyl acetate, in the extraction solvent. Methylbutenol, the pinene alcohols, and 2-phenylethanol showed the same pattern of variation between attack phases in males, with the largest amounts present before accepting females and then a fast decline. Ipsenol and ipsdienol were not detected in males before the females were accepted, and the amounts increased when the females start their egg laying. Verbenone occurred only in trace amounts. The beetles were sampled from five Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) of differing resin flow. The correlations between the nine pheromone components and five major host monoterpenes in the gut showed that the variation in the amount of methyl-butenol, ipsenol, and ipsdienol could not be explained by the variation in the amounts of host monoterpenes. In contrast over 80% of the quantitative variation ofcis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, and myrtenol was explained by the amount of α-pinene. The nine pheromone components from 36 individual males were also quantified. Both methylbutenol andcis-verbenol showed a large variation in both amounts and proportions. Females containedtrans-verbenol and traces of most other components found in males. When accepted by the male, they also contained a female-specific compound, β-isophorone. Behavioral and biosynthetic implications of the results are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987511
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual variation in the pheromone of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1181-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; turnip moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; individual variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female turnip moths (Agrotis segetum) from a laboratory culture inbred for more than 30 generations, and the offspring (first and third generation) from field-collected insects were analyzed individually for acetates and alcohols in the pheromone gland. Quantitative analysis of individual components was performed at the subnanogram level by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring). The titer of the pheromone, i.e., the sum of the homologous acetates (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate was 2.0 ± 0.3 ng in the laboratory culture and 3.2 ± 0.6 ng in the “wild strain.” There was no correlation between pheromone titer and female weight. The relative proportion of the pheromone components varied substantially between individuals, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two populations. The percentages of the respective compounds (¯X ± coefficient of variation) were 14.8 ± 127% for Z5-10:OAc, 55.6 ± 32% for Z7-12:OAc, and 29.6 ± 59% forZ9-14:OAc. The pheromone composition varied more in the wild strain than in the laboratory culture. The significance of the pheromone variation to the attraction of males was tested in a field experiment. The ratio of males trapped by the most attractive blend versus the least attractive one was 2.2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024107
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses of male turnip moths,Agrotis segetum, to sex pheromone in a flight tunnel and in the field (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1209-1221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; turnip moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; decyl acetate ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; field tests ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of individual male turnip mothsAgrotis segetum was observed in a sustained flight tunnel to a mixture of decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in proportions similar to those found in gland extracts from virgin females (0.6: 1:5:2.5). Lures containing 3–30 μg (Z)-5-decenyl acetate proved to be maximally attractive, with approximately 60% of the males completing all behavioral steps from activation to copulation efforts. A 300-μg dosage caused significant arrestment of upwind flight. Peak response to synthetics, however, was significantly lower than to female glands. Omitting decyl acetate from the blend did not affect the activity, while omission of any of the three monounsaturated acetates caused a dramatic decrease in response. In the field maximum trap catches were achieved with 1- to 30-μg lures. The subtractive assay carried out in the field confirmed the neutrality of decyl acetate and the importance of the three monoenes. Adding 1% of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (earlier reported as an “inhibitor”) to the four-component mixture decreased the trap catch to about 50%, and increasing the amount of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate to 27% decreased the activity further to about 10%. (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate also decreased the number of successful flights in the flight tunnel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024109
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual Variation and Repeatability of Sex Pheromone Emission of Female Turnip Moths Agrotis segetum (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1833-1850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; individual variation ; repeatability ; effluvia entrainment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Individual variation of the female sex pheromone signal in Agrotis segetum was determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The individuals varied extensively, both in absolute and relative amounts of the three major pheromone components; Z5–10:OAc, Z7–12:OAc and Z9–14:OAc. Within individuals there was a strong correspondence between the sex pheromone gland content and the signal actually emitted. Both pheromone amounts and proportions of components were correlated with effluvia and extracts; with coefficients of 0.55 for total amounts and 0.66 for proportions. In addition, the repeatability of emitted pheromone components by individual females over three calling periods was high, with correlation coefficients between 0.43 and 0.72. Variation among individual females, however, was observed. There were no significant differences between wild-collected and laboratory-reared females in average ratios of the major pheromone components in pheromone gland extracts, only in total amounts. The biological significance of the inter-individual variation among females is discussed in the context of population dynamics and sexual selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006454.84415.5f
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