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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (15)
  • 1,3-Oxazine derivatives  (1)
  • Benzo[g,h,i]perylenes  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Revision of the Inouye Synthesis of Chrysanthemumdicarboxylic AcidThe 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 2-diazopropane (6) to α-methylmuconic acid diesters 4a and 5a, respectively, fails to get the 2-pyrazolines 10 and 11, respectively, as described9,10), but yields the stereoisomeric adducts 7 and 8, respectively. During the subsequent thermal fragmentation of these pyrazolines the di-π-methyane systems 14 and 15 are formed as main products. The chrysanthemumdicarboxylic esters 12 and 13 as well as the 5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrofurans 16 and 17 appear as by-products only. From a mechanistic point of view it is remarkable that the pyrolysis at least partly proceeds on the reaction coordinate of the di-π-methane rearrangement where under inclusion of ester groups 16 and 17 are formed.
    Notes: Die 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition von 2-Diazopropan (6) an α-Methylmuconsäurediester 4a bzw. 5a führt nicht wie beschrieben9,10) zu den 2-Pyrazolinen 10 bzw. 11 sondern zu den Stereoisomeren 7 bzw. 8. Bei der anschließenden thermischen Spaltung dieser Pyrazoline entstehen als Hauptprodukte die Di-π-Methansysteme 14 bzw. 15. Die Chrysanthemumdicarbonsäureester 12 bzw. 13 sowie die 5-Methoxy-2,3-dihydrofuranderivate 16 und 17 bilden sich nur als Nebenprodukte. Aus mechanistischer Sicht ist bemerkenswert, daß die Pyrolyse zumindest teilweise auf der Reaktionskoordinate der Di-π-Methanumlagerung abläuft, wobei u. a. durch Einbeziehung der Estergruppe 16 bzw. 17 entstehen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 120 (1987), S. 307-318 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Photoreaktionen von Biacetyl (1) mit verschiedenen elektronenreichen Olefinen wurden untersucht. Im allgemeinen bilden sich bei der Bestrahlung mit λ=400-480 nm (nπ*-Anregung von Biacetyl) in Abhängigkeit von der Olefin-Struktur Oxetane und Allylalkohole. Hinweise auf die primäre Bildung eines Exciplexes liefert die ungewöhnliche Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigketiskonstanten der Lumineszenzlöschung von Biacetyl durch die Olefine (log kq) von der freien Bildungsenthalpie des Elektronentransfers (ΔG2). Ein Mechanismus mit einer Exciplex-Zwischenstufe und einem ionischen Photodissoziationsweg gestattet es nach Anpassung der Parameter, die experimentellen Daten gut zu simulieren (log kq/ΔG2-Korrelation). Vollständiger Elektronentransfer wurde als Folgeprozeß bei einigen besonders elektronenreichen Olefinen mit Hilfe der ESR-Spektroskopie bzw. durch Abfangen der Radikalkationen bewiesen. Die Abhängigkeit der Produktquantenausbeuten von der Lösungsmittelpolarität bestätigt die Konkurrenz zwischen Produktbildung und ionischer Photodissoziation. Die bevorzugte Bildung von Allylalkoholen (Reduktionsprodukte) mit starken Donor-Olefinen und die regioselektiv ablaufende Oxetanbildung mit Ketenacetal werden auf der Basis von stark polaren Exciplexen bzw. Kontaktionenpaaren und Zwitterionen als Zwischenstufen diskutiert.
    Notes: The photoreactions of biacetyl (1) with various electron-rich olefins have been investigated. Oxetanes and allyl alcohols are formed upon irradiation with λ=400-480 nm (nπ* excitation of biacetyl) depending on the nature of the olefin. An unusual relationship between the rate constants of luminescence quenching of biacetyl by olefins (log kq) and the free enthalpies of electron transfer (ΔG2) indicate formation of an exciplex first. A reasonable good fit between experimental results of log kq and ΔG2 has been obtained on the basis of a mechanistic model which includes the exciplex intermediate as well as an ionic photodissociation pathway and some empirical adjustment of the parameters. Complete electron transfer as a consecutive process has been proven for some strong electron-donating olefins by means of ESR spectroscopy and scavenging of the radical cations. The solvent dependence of the product quantum yields further confirms the competition between ionic photodissociation and product formation. The preferred formation of allyl alcohols (reduction products) with strong electron-donating olefins and the highly regioselective oxetane formation with ketene acetal are discussed in terms of exciplexes of strong CT character or even contact ion pairs and dipolar intermediates.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1991-2005 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloadditionen von olefinischen RadikalkationenRadikalkation-katalysierte Cyclodimerisierungen elektronenreicher, cyclischer 1,3-Diene sowie radikalkation-katalysierte Diels-Alder-Reaktionen dieser Diene mit verschiedenen elektronenreichen Olefinen wurden untersucht. Die Effizienz des Elektronentransfers konnte in einigen Fällen durch Kombination der Elektronenakzeptoren mit LiClO4 erhöht werden (spezieller Salzeffekt). Die Dimerisierungen von 1,3-Cyclohexadien (7a) sowie 1-Acetoxy- und 1-Methoxy-1,3-cyclohexadien (7b, 7c) mit verschiedenen Elektronenakzeptoren lieferten endo-selektiv die jeweiligen Diels-Alder-Dimeren. Durch Löschexperimente konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Diels-Alder-Produkte über radikalionische Zwischenstufen gebildet wurden. In einigen Fällen wurden ebenfalls Cyclobutan-Dimere gebildet - meist über Triplett-Reaktionskanäle. Nur mit 1-Acetoxy-1,3-cyclohexadien (7b) verläuft die Cyclobutan-Dimerisierung auch über photochemisch induzierten Elektronentransfer wie entsprechende Löschexperimente zeigten. Einige dieser Diels-Alder-Reaktionen weisen eine charakteristische Konzentrationsabhängigkeit auf, d.h. bei niedrigen Dien-Konzentrationen wurden überwiegend endo-[2+4]-Dimere gebildet, während höhere Dien-Konzentrationen die Bildung der exo-[2+4]-Addukte begünstigten. Diese Konzentrationseffekte konnten in den durch 1,4-Dicyanonaphthalin (2) sensibilisierten Reaktionen durch unterschiedlich starke Löschung der verschiedenen Produkte unterstrichen werden. Konzentrations- und Löscheffekte deuten darauf hin, daß verschiedenartige radikalionische Zwischenstufen beteiligt sind. Gemischte Diels-Alder-Reaktionen verliefen in der Regel ebenfalls endo-selektiv. Die Löschung der Produktbildung mit 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzol (TMB) deutete auch hier auf die Beteiligung radikalionischer Zwischenstufen hin.
    Notes: Radical-cation cyclodimerizations of electron-rich cyclic 1,3-dienes and radical-cation Diels-Alder reactions of these dienes with several electron-rich olefins have been investigated. In some cases the efficiency of the electron transfer could be increased if the electron acceptors were combined with LiClO4 (special salt effect). The dimerization of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (7a), as well as 1-acetoxy- and 1-methoxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene (7b, 7c) with several electron acceptors yielded endo-selectively the Diels-Alder dimers. The formation of the Diels-Alder products via radical-ion intermediates could be demonstrated by quenching experiments. In addition, cyclobutane dimers were also formed, mostly through triplet-reaction channels. Only in the case of 1-acetoxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene (7b) photochemically induced electron transfer is involved as well, as shown by quenching experiments. Some of these Diels-Alder dimerizations are indicated by a characteristic concentration dependence, i.e. the endo [2+4] dimers were preferably formed at low diene concentrations, whereas high diene concentrations favored the exo [2+4] adducts. In the reaction sensitized by 1,4-dicyanophthalene (2) these concentration effects could be emphasized by differently strong quenching of the different products. Concentration and quenching effects indicate the involvement of different radical-ion intermediates. Crossed Diels-Alder reactions usually ran endo-selectively. Here, quenching of product formation with 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene (TMB) indicated the involvement of radical intermediates as well.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 122 (1989), S. 2207-2208 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Allenes ; Hetero Diels-Alder reactions ; Catalysis, heterogeneous ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some examples of cycloadditions of 1-ethoxy-1,2-propadiene with 1-oxa-1,3-dienes, catalyzed by acid-free silica gel, are reported.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 123 (1990), S. 2457-2459 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Photosensitizers, chiral (electron transfer) ; Catalysis, asymmetric ; Photo-induced electron transfer dimerizations and cycloadditions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of optically active (+)- and (-)-1,1′-binaphthalene-2,2′-dicarbonitrile (1) is described as well as its application in photoinduced electron transfer (PET) dimerizations and isomerizations.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Fullerenes ; Azirines ; Photochemistry ; [3 + 2] Cycloadditions ; Electron transfer reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photoreactions with C60-Fullerene. [3 + 2] Photocycloaddition of 2,3-Diphenyl-2H-azirineUpon irradiation 2,3-Diphenyl-2H-azirine (2) is added to C60 1 with formation of mono and oligo adducts. 1,9-(3,4-Dihydro-2,5-diphenyl-2H-pyrrolo)fulleren-60 (3) has been isolated and identified by standard spectroscopic methods. Mechanistic studies revealed two reaction paths leading to 3, i.e. the classic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition via the nitrile ylide 4 (direct irradiation) or a route via 2-azaallenyl radical cations 5 (sensitization by photoinduced electron transfer).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 867-873 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diels-Alder reaction ; Captodative effect ; Calculations, MNDO-PM3 ; Allenic dienophiles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of captodative (c,d) substitution of some olefins and allenes has been investigated by MNDO-PM3 calculations. These results are compared with the Diels-Alder reactions of α-sulfur-substituted allenecarboxylates. α-Sulfonyl allenecarboxylates 6 are a new class of stable gem-diacceptor-substituted allenes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 1425-1429 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Allenes ; Hetero Diels-Alder reactions ; Catalysis, heterogeneous ; Glutaraldehyde ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several cycloaddition reactions of 1-alkoxy-1,2-propadienes 1 with 1-oxa-1,3-dienes 2, catalyzed by acid-free silica gel, are described. The resulting 3,4-dihydro-3-methylene-2H-pyrans 3 are transformed into synthetically interesting glutaraldehyde derivatives 10 - 13.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 122 (1989), S. 951-958 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Electron-transfer photocatalysis ; Electron transfer, photoinduced ; Photooxygenation ; Pyrylium salts, polymeric ; Radical cation cycloadditions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pyrylium-Salze als Photosensibilisatoren in homogener und heterogener Elektronentransfer-Katalyse. - Ein Vergleich mit CyanoaromatenZwei neue Polymer-gebundene Pyrylium-Salze wurden synthetisiert. Sie wirken als Sensibilisatoren in photochemisch induzierten Elektronentransfer-Reaktionen und ermöglichen so heterogenen Ladungstransfer. In vergleichenden Studien mit anderen gebräuchlichen Photosensibilisatoren, wie 9,10-Dicyanoanthracen und 1,4-Dicyanonaphthalin wurde ihre Verwendbarkeit bei Elektronentransfer-katalysierten Dimerisierungen und der gemischten Cycloaddition zwischen 1,3-Cyclohexadien und Phenylvinylether untersucht. Darüber hinaus erwies sich auch 2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium-tetrafluoroborat als effizienter Sensibilisator für die Dimerisierung und Photooxygenierung von 1,1-Diphenylethen. Die unterschiedlichen Selektivitäten der Produktbildung weisen darauf hin, daß hier verschiedenartige Mechanismen wirken. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit früheren Literaturergebnissen diskutiert.
    Notes: Two new triphenylpyrylium salts, both being fixed to a polymeric backbone, have been synthesized. They a sensitizers for photochemically induced electron-transfer. reactions, offering the possibility of heterogeneous charge transfer. Their usability in electron-transfer-catalyzed dimerizations and mixed cycloadditions of 1,3-cyclohexadiene and phenyl vinyl ether has been tested in comparison to other common photosensitizers such as 9,10-dicyanoanthracene and 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene. In addition, 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate was shown to operate as an efficient sensitizer for the dimerization and the photooxygenation of 1,1-diphenylethene. Diverse selectivities in the products formation indicate different mechanisms and are discussed in view of earlier results reported in the literature.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Photoinduced electron transfer ; Cyclization ; Ring opening ; Enones ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photolysis of the unsaturated enones 1 yields [2 + 2] cycloaddition products 2 and 3 with varying regioselectivity. Under electron-transfer conditions (PET) spirocyclic products 4 are formed. The straight [2 + 2] cycloaddition products 2b,c,f are converted to the spirocyclic products 4b,c,f under the same reaction conditions. The cyclobutane 5 and the cyclopropane 11 also undergo this new reductive ring opening reaction, while the stabilized system 7 is converted to reduced ringenlarged triquinane 10 which may be interesting in natural product synthesis. - Irradiation of 2-cyclohexen-1-one (14) in the presence of N,N-dimethylallylamine (15) leads to the decahydroisoquinoline 18. A mechanism involving radical intermediates is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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