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  • Cerebrospinal Fluid  (4)
  • Milankovitch  (2)
  • 100-kyr cycles  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 88 (1999), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Quaternary ; Milankovitch ; 100-kyr cycles ; Eccentricity ; Inclination ; Ice age cycles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The ice-age hypothesis of Muller and MacDonald (1995, 1997a, 1997b) has two parts: (a) The 100-kyr cycle does not owe its existence to Milankovitch forcing; and (b) variations in inclination of Earth's orbit (i.e., the orbit's angle with the solar system invariable plane) provide the mechanism sought. In support of the first proposition, Muller and MacDonald point to the paradox that the spectrum of oxygen isotope series from deep-sea sediments contains no power for two prominent eccentricity cycles, 125 and 400 kyr. In support of the second proposition, they offer a match between the SPECMAP record (Imbrie et al. 1984) and a plot of the amplitude of orbital inclination, shifted by 33 kyr. The hypothesis of Muller and MacDonald is rejected in both parts, although an influence of inclination forcing is not precluded entirely. The paradox of the missing eccentricity cycles (125 and 400 kyr) is explained by suppression of the two longer cycles, and enhancement of the one near 96 kyr, as a result of internal oscillation. A Muller–MacDonald machine for making the 100-kyr ice-age cycles, however conceived, would have to have a memory near 30 kyr to provide for phase shift between input and output. Precisely this amount of memory is sufficient to produce the needed oscillation in Milankovitch machine here applied; thus, there is no advantage, from the point of view of either necessity or simplicity, in replacing Milankovitch forcing, with its precise phasing (despite the fuzzy physics), with inclination forcing, and with its severe problems in phasing (and, thus far, no physics at all).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 321 (1970), S. 346-363 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Central Chemoreceptors ; Control of Respiration ; Liquor cerebrospinalis ; zentrale Chemoreceptoren ; Atmungs regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die ventrale Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata flach narkotisierter Katzen wurde mit künstlichem Liquor cerebrospinalis, der unterschiedliche Kaliumkonzentrationen oder 2% Novocain enthielt, überströmt. In einigen Versuchen ermöglichte eine in der Mittellinie der Medulla aufgeklebte Trennwand aus Gelitta Tampon die getrennte Perfusion beider Häften der Oberfläche mit unterschiedlichen Lösungen. Die Ausschaltung verschiedener Schichten der Medulla oblongata wurde durch Beobachtung der Antwort auf elektrische Reize in verschiedenen Tiefen des Gewebes an einer Stelle medial der Hypoglossuswurzel und 3 mm lateral der Mittellinie geprüft. 1. Sowohl 100 meq/l Kalium wie auch 2% Novocain in der Überströmungs-flüssigkeit verursachen nach 50–650 sec Atemstillstand. 2. Gleichzeitige Überströmung einer Hälfte der Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata mit Lösungen hoher Kaliumkonzentration (100 meq/l), der anderen Hälfte mit Referenzlösungen (K+ 5 meq/l; pH 6.9) führt zu einer Verminderung der Atmung um mehr als 50% oder zu Atemstillstand. 3. Elektrische Reizung (1 V; 60 sec−1) 200 μ unter der Oberfläche verursacht eine geringe inspiratorische Verschiebung der Atemlage, später auch eine Vergrößerung des Atemzugvolumens und der Frequenz. Diese Antwort verschwindet während Überströmung mit hohen Kaliumkonzentrationen etwa zu der Zeit, zu der Atemstillstand eintritt. 4. Die Antwort auf elektrische Reize (0,5 V; 60 sec−1) in 1,5 mm Tiefe — eine starke Inspiration mit anschließender Apneusis in extremer Inspirationsstellung —überdauert den durch Kalium ausgelösten Atemstillstand um mehrere Minuten. 5. Hohe Kaliumkonzentraionen (100 meq/l) verursachen, nach vorübergehendem Blutdruckabfall einen Blutdruckanstieg über das Kontrollniveau, während Novocainüberströmung, zu einer Blutdrucksenkung führt, die bis zum Auswaschen der Substanz bestehen bleibt. Aus diesen Beobachtungen kann geschlossen werden, daß Kaliumionen im Extracellulärraum des Gehirngewebes rasch diffundieren können. Ihre Wirkung auf die Atmung lassen sich jedoch nicht durch direkte Beeinflussung der Atemzentren allein erklären; es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese noch erregbar sind, wenn die Atmung bereits zum Stillstand gekommen ist. Beim peripher denervierten Tier (Sinusnerven durchtrennt) wird die Atmung durch Strukturen aufrechterhalten, die nicht mit den Atemzentren identisch, und nahe der ventralen Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata gelegen sind. Zusätzlich müssen kreislaufaktive Strukturen mit ähnlicher Lokalisation angenommen werden.
    Notes: Summary In cats lightly anesthetized with chloralose-urethane, the ventral surface of the medulla was perfused with mock CSF of different potassium concentrations, or with solutions containing 2% procaine. In some experiments a wall of gelatin foam glued onto the midline of the medulla allowed a separate perfusion of either half of the medullary surface. To study the blockade of different layers of the medullary tissue, electrical stimuli were applied at varying depths from the ventral surface, at a spot located medially from the roots of the hypoglossal nerve and 3 mm laterally from the midline. 1. Both potassium at 100 meq/l, and 2% procaine, cause respiratory arrest after 50–650 sec when perfused over the ventral medullary surface. 2. Perfusion of one half of the ventral medullary surface with potassium at 100 meq/l, the opposite half being perfused simultaneously with reference solution, causes a decrease in ventilation of more than 50% and in some cases respiratory arrest. 3. Electrical stimuli (1 V; 60 sec−1) 200 μ below the surface cause a slight inspiratory displacement of the respiratory leve, and later an increase in tidal volume and frequency. When the medullary surface is perfused either with the solution of high potassium concentration, or with 2% procaine, the response to these stimuli disappears at about the time of respiratory arrest. 4. The response to electrical stimuli (0.5 V; 60 sec−1) applied 1.5 mm below the surface — a vigorous inspiration followed by apneusis in extreme inspiratory position — outlasts for several minutes the respiratory arrest induced by perfusion with 100 meq/l potassium. 5. Potassium at 100 meq/l causes a transitory fall in blood pressure; later the blood pressure rises above the control level During perfusion with 2% procaine, the blood pressure usually decreases and remains on this low level until the drug is washed out. It is concluded that potassium ions readily diffuse through the extracellular spaces of the medullary tissue. Ther immediate effects on respiration cannot, however, be explained by a direct influence on the respiratory centres since these have been demonstrated to be still responding to stimuli after respiration has ceased. In the peripherally denervated animal (carotid nerves sectioned) ventilation is maintained by the activity of structures located near the ventral surface of the medulla which are not identical with the respiratory centres. In addition, structures which are involved in the control of circulation have to be assumed at a similar location.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Medulla Oblongata ; Central Chemoreceptors ; Chemical Control of Respiration ; Anesthesia ; Decerebration ; Vagotomy ; Liquor Cerebrospinalis ; Medulla oblongata ; Zentrale Chemoreceptoren ; Chemische Steuerung der Atmung ; Anaesthesie ; Dezerebrierung ; Vagotomie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die ventrale Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata von Katzen wurde mit künstlichem Liquor cerebrospinalis unterschiedlicher Wasserstoffionenkonzentration (pH 6,5–7,9) überströmt. Alveolärer CO2-Druck (P ACO 2)und CO2-Druck des künstlichen Liquors (P CSFCO 2)wurden bei etwa 35 Torr konstant gehalten. Die Abhängigkeit des Atemzugvolumens, der Atemfrequenz und der Ventilation vom Liquor-pH (pHCSF) wurde an mit Chloralose-Urethan flach narkotisierten und an dezerebrierten Tieren vor und während Vagusblockade ermittelt. Bei anaesthesierten Katzen waren im Vergleich zu dezerebrierten Tieren Atemfrequenz und Ventilation vermindert, während die pHCSF-Antwortkurve des Atemzugvolumens in beiden Fällen nahezu den gleichen Verlauf zeigte. Die Vagusaktivität hatte auf die pHCSF-Antwortkurven der Atmung sowohl bei dezerebrierten wie auch bei anaesthesierten Tieren einen ähnlichen Einfluß: Vagotomie verursachte eine Zunahme des Atemzugvolumens und eine Abnahme der Atemfrequenz. Die Ventilation dagegen zeigte sich nicht deutlich verändert. Beim vagotomierten Tier waren die Antworten der Ventilation auf Änderungen im pHCSF allein auf Änderungen des Atemzugvolumens zurückzuführen, während sowohl Atemzugvolumen als auch Frequenz zur Atmungsantwort beitrugen, solange die Vagusnerven intakt waren. Vagotomie führte zu einer Begradigung der Antwortkurven des Atemzugvolumens und der Ventilation, vorwiegend über eine Zunahme der Anstiegssteilheit dieser Kurven im Bereich niedriger pHCSF-Werte. Dieser Effekt war bei dezerebrierten Tieren im Fall des Atemzugvolumens statistisch zu sichern. Im Fall der Ventilation und bei anaesthesierten Tieren war erweniger deutlich ausgeprägt. Ein Einfluß der Vagotomie auf die Empfindlichkeit des zentralen chemosensiblen Mechanismus konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Dagegen ist die Art der Atemantwort auf chemische Reize, d. h. die Fähigkeit, durch Veränderungen des Atemzugvolumens als auch der Atemfrequenz zu reagieren, von der Unversehrtheit der Nn. vagi abhängig.
    Notes: Summary The ventral medullary surface of cats was perfused with mock CSF of different hydrogen ion concentrations (pH 6.5–7.9).P ACO 2andP CSFCO 2were kept constant at about 35 mm Hg throughout the experiments. The curves relating tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and ventilation to pHCSF were determined in lightly anesthetized (chloralose-urethane) and decerebrate animals, before and during vagal blockade. In anesthetized cats respiratory frequency and ventilation were diminished as compared with decerebrate animals while the pHCSF-response curve of tidal volume was almost the same in both cases. The influence of vagal activity on the pHCSF-response curves of respiration was the same in decerebrate and in anesthetized cats: vagotomy caused an increase in tidal volume and a decrease of respiratory frequency in the whole range of pHCSF studied in the experiments. Ventilation, however, remained almost unchanged. In the vagotomized animal the ventilatory response to changes in pHCSF was due to a reaction of tidal volume only, while both tidal volume, and respiratory frequency contributed to the ventilatory response if the vagal nerves were intact. Vagotomy linearized the response curves of tidal volume and ventilation mainly by increasing the slopes of these curves in the low pHCSF range. This effect was statistically significant in decerebrate cats in the case of tidal volume but less pronounced in the case of ventilation and in anesthetized animals. As far as the central chemosensitive mechanism is concerned, no influence of vagotomy on the sensitivity of the respiratory control system could be found. However, the nature of the ventilatory reactions to chemical stimuli, i.e. the ability to respond by changes in both tidal volume and frequency, depends upon the integrity of the vagal nerves.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 332 (1972), S. 127-145 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Control of Respiration ; Central Chemoreceptors ; Brain Extracellular Fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extracellular hydrogen ion concentration of the brain cannot be determined by direct measurement. For experiments, in which the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid is varied independently of the composition of the blood, a mathematical model is proposed which allows approximate calculation of the extracellular pH from acid-base parameters of the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. The model is based on former investigations regarding the diffusion of CO2 and bicarbonate in brain tissue. Cerebral blood flow is considered as a function of the arterial CO2 tension. For simplification homogenous perfusion has been assumed. The theoretical model is valid for stationary conditions only. Solutions of the model indicate that under the conditions specified above the extracellular pH is a function of the distance from the brain surface. The cerebrospinal fluid composition influences the extracellular hydrogen ion concentration not farther than 400–500 μm below the surface. It has been concluded that structures reacting to variations of the hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid must be located within this distance from the surface. The central chemoreceptors of the respiratory system which in the cat respond to changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH locally limited to the ventral surface of the medulla, are thus very probably not identical with the medullary respiratory centres which have to be assumed as being located at a greater depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 332 (1972), S. 146-170 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Control of Respiration ; Central Chemoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cats lightly anesthetized with chloralose-urethane, vagal and carotid nerves dissected, the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata was perfused with mock CSF solutions. The pH of the fluids was varied by altering either the bicarbonate concentration or the CO2 pressure. During each period of perfusion steady stateP A CO2 response curves of respiration were recorded. Tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and ventilation were plotted against a) the alveolar CO2 pressure, b) the pH of the perfusion fluids (pHCSF), and c) the pH in the extracellular space of the medulla (pHe). pHe was calculated from the acid base parameters of the blood and the mock CSF by means of a mathematical model described by Berndt, Berger and Mückenhoff (1972). Under the conditions specified above respiration was neither a unique function ofP A CO2 nor of pHCSF. In a single experiment, severalP A CO2 response curves could be recorded, the number and position of which depended upon the number and the composition of the fluids simultaneously applied to the medullary surface. Similarly, pHCSF response curves could be constructed, the position and course of which was determined by theP A CO2. On the other hand, respiration could be shown to be an almost unique function of the medullary extracellular pH—irrespective of whether pHe was changed by alteringP A CO2 or pHCSF—ifV T or  were platted against the pHe values located at a depth of 200–400 μm below the ventral medullary surface. A worse correlation was obtained between respiration and pHe at smaller or greater depth. It is concluded that the effects on respiration of changes in the CO2 pressure of the blood or in the bicarbonate concentration and the CO2 pressure of the CSF can be explained by their influence on the extracellular hydrogen ion concentration in the medulla. The chemosensitive structures responding to the hydrogen ion concentration have to be assumed at a location less than 1 mm below the ventral medullary surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 26 (1994), S. 769-781 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: cyclic sedimentation ; Fourier stratigraphy ; Milankovitch ; orbital templates ; Quaternary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A simple template-generating algorithm using summer insolation at 65°N as input provides a timeseries for the last 2 million years that can be compared directly with the oxygen isotope record in deep-sea sediments. Discrepancies between template and record are diminished by representing both series as Fourier expansions, and importing the power spectrum of the record to the template, without changing phase. The remaining differences between the hybrid template and the record contain messages about time spans of unusual behavior of the system. The most striking anomalies in the Quaternary are the unusually cold period following the mid-Pleistocene climate shift at 900 ka (Stage 22) and much of Stage 11 near 400 ka, representing excess warming. The present interglacial also is too warm, compared with expectations. Anomalies are thought to be the result of stabilization of unusually cold periods (by albedo feedback) and unusually warm periods (by carbon dioxide feedback). It is proposed that there is a connection between surplus ice buildup (after the mid-Pleistocene climate shifi at 900 ka) on marine shelves and subsequent extra-large transgressions, which stabilize warm periods by shallow-water carbonate production (coral reef hypothesis).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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