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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mononuclear stromal reactions in mammary carcinoma, with special reference to medullary carcinomas with a lymphoid infiltrate (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 393 (1981), S. 75-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; Stroma reaction ; Medullary breast cancer ; Subclassification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One hundred and eight breast carcinomas were investigated to determine the frequency and intensity of mononuclear stromal reactions in different types of breast cancer, including the cytopathology of the lymphoid stroma in medullary carcinoma. The mononuclear infiltrates were analysed microscopically in the invasive area of the carcinoma and in the surrounding connective and fat tissue. The results were correlated and investigated statistically by different tests. 1. Invasive breast cancer shows slight or medium mononuclear stromal reactions in the marginal zones of the tumors in 61.6%. In 19.2%, infiltrates of the surrounding tissue were absent, and in 19.2% the cell reactions were strong. The values agree with investigations in the literature which give average values for lack of infiltration of 22.3%, for slight or medium degree reaction, 62.2% and for strong reaction 15.4%. 2. It can be seen by comparison of the different types of carcinoma, that medullary carcinoma with lymphoid stroma is significantly different from all other types. These cannot be further differentiated by the degree of infiltration because there is a relatively homogenous distribution of average values. 3. Intensive stromal reactions are not only a sign of immunological defense reactions but may also be induced by necrosis and metaplasias. We found positive correlations between the degree of malignancy of the syncytial cords of the medullary carcinoma and their circumscription. 4. Medullary carcinomata are subclassified in three types: 1. Medullary carcinoma with lymphoid stroma, a circumscript tumor surrounded by capsulelike connective tissue. 2. Atypical medullary carcinoma with irregularly developed lymphoid stroma and incomplete capsule. 3. Medullary components in invasive ductal carcinoma with circumscribed shape. 5. The lymphoid stroma of medullary carcinoma shows a different density and pattern. Lymphocytes tend to form round infiltrations whereas plasma cells occur in band formations. In the surroundings of the tumors lymphocytes predominate, while in the center of the carcinoma plasma cells and mixed infiltrations are observed. The prognosis is favorable. From the reported results it is concluded that immune reactions occur in and around the tumor and in the regional nodes, or in the blood, but these hostreactions can only be analysed when it is possible to determine tumor-specific-antigens in the carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430872
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histopathology of tumour associated sarcoid-like stromal reaction in breast cancer (1988)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 412 (1988), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; Tumour-associated sarcoid-like stromal reaction ; Tumour immunology ; Host-versus-tumour response ; Sarcoid-like lesion of the axillary lymph nodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 5 cases of invasive ductal and lobular carcinoma of the breast multiple epithelioid and giant cell containing granulomas were detected, localized mainly in circumferential regions, but also in the center of the carcinomas. These granulomas were interpreted as sarcoid-like stromal reactions, occurring as sarcoid-like lesions in uni- and bilateral primaries, in a recurrent tumour, and also in axillary lymph nodes. Histopathologically, these granulomas were not quite uniform, some of them corresponding to typical sarcoidosis, others showing marked proliferations of epithelioid or giant cells or containing fibrinoid exudate or necroses. The granulomas were surrounded by dense infiltrates of mononuclear cells. Tuberculosis and mycosis was excluded. There were no hints of generalized sarcoidosis. Pathogenetically, these are reactions in the tumour stroma of varying intensity, and are not caused by necroses of the tumour tissue nor by microbial infections. Such tumour-associated sarcoid-like stroma reactions are interpreted as a T-cell mediated immune response to an antigen expression of the carcinoma acting as the local trigger; in 2 cases they were connected with sarcoid-like lesions of the axillary lymph nodes. Their occurrence in bilateral carcinoma of the breast points to an immunological disposition for this special kind of host-versus-tumour response. The intensity of these changes in a recurrent tumour reflects an immunological hypersensitivity reaction. The pathogenetic and differential diagnostic aspects of epithelioid granulomas of the female breast in chronic granulomatous mastitis, panniculitis, foreign body reaction, rare infections, and in therapeutically induced sarcoidosis are described and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00737147
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The neutron decay retardation spectrometer aSPECT: Electromagnetic design and systematic effects (2005)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 23 (2005), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 23.40.-s Beta decay; double beta decay; electron and muon capture ; 13.30.-a Decays of baryons ; 12.15.Hh Determination of Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The apparatus described here, aSPECT, will be used for a measurement of the neutrino-electron angular correlation coefficient a in the decay of free neutrons. The idea of the aSPECT spectrometer is to measure the integrated proton energy spectrum very accurately using an energy filter by electrostatic retardation and magnetic adiabatic collimation. The main ideas of the spectrometer are presented, followed by an explanation of the adiabatic transmission function. Details of the superconducting coil and of the electrode system are given, as well as a discussion of the most important systematic effects: magnetic field and electrostatic potential inhomogeneities, deviation from adiabatic motion, scattering in the residual gas, background, Doppler effect, edge effect, and detector efficiency. Using this spectrometer, the parameter a is planned to be measured with an absolute experimental uncertainty of δa ≈ 3 . 10-4, from which the axial vector to vector coupling constant ratio λ can be determined with an accuracy of δλ ≈ 0.001.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2004-10057-1
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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