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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of muscle receptors in the kitten to succinyl choline (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Development ; Succinyl choline ; Kitten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses of soleus muscle afferents were studied in anaesthetised kittens, after intravenous injection of succinyl choline (SCh), a drug which in adult spindles, at low doses, produces a contracture preferentially of bag1 intrafusal muscle fibres and so mimics the effect of dynamic fusimotor stimulation. Following injection of SCh in kittens aged between 1 and 57 days the integrated discharge recorded in large portions of dorsal root during muscle stretch showed a smaller increase than in the adult. Recordings from functionally single afferents of muscle spindles showed that in the youngest animals SCh induced a resting discharge from all spindles, which were normally silent. The response to a ramp-and-hold stretch showed an abrupt rise in firing rate at the start of the stretch followed by a slow decline. The abrupt fall at the end of the ramp, typical of the adult dynamic response, was almost absent in spindles of animals 2–5 days old. In the younger animals SCh allowed primary and secondary spindle endings to be distinguished on the basis of their response to stretch. Conduction velocity of developing Group I nerve fibres was found to increase from 9.5 ms−1 on day 2 to 51.6 ms−1 on day 57, an increase of 0.77 ms−1 per day, while Group II increased from 5.0 ms−1 to 23.2 ms−1 over the same period, an increase of 0.33 ms−1 per day. The two groups appeared to be separate even in the youngest animals. It is concluded that although spindles in the newborn kitten respond vigorously to SCh, the pattern of discharge is quite different from that seen in older animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236212
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The responses of muscle spindles in the kitten to stretch and vibration (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 606-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Development ; Stretch ; Vibration ; Kitten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Discharges of muscle spindle afferents from the soleus muscle were studied in kittens aged 1–21 days and in adult cats. Vibration applied longitudinally to the tendon elicited one impulse for each cycle of vibration over the range 1–200 Hz for the kittens and up to 450 Hz for the adult. Threshold amplitudes were generally higher in the kitten than in the adult. In response to large ramp and hold stretches applied at long muscle lengths kitten spindles showed rate saturation during the length change. Dynamic index, that is the peak rate during the length change minus the rate at the final length became progressively smaller at longer muscle lengths. No sign of saturation was seen at comparable muscle lengths in the adult. It is suggested that in the newborn the bag1 intrafusal fibre is not functional and that the dynamic response is produced only by the afferent terminals on the bag2 fibre. Another difference between kitten and adult was the length sensitivity measured under dynamic conditions. This increased much more steeply with stretch rate in the kitten. One possible explanation for the higher dynamic length sensitivity is a lack of elastic fibres surrounding intrafusal fibres of immature spindles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406620
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of primary endings of cat muscle spindles to locally applied vibration (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 87 (1991), S. 530-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Vibration ; Intrafusal fibres ; Muscle history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses of muscle spindles in the cat soleus muscle have been studied during vibration applied locally to the belly of the muscle. Bursts of vibration at 170 Hz and with a peak amplitude of 200 μm were applied to a site at which local pressure initiated impulses from the spindle. The response to vibration depended on the conditioning of the muscle immediately beforehand and the placement of the vibrator. The length at which the vibration was applied was called the test length; this was typically 10 mm less than the muscle's maximum length in the body. After a fusimotor strength contraction at a length 2–5 mm longer than the test length, vibration sensitivity, measured on return to the test length, was low. If the muscle was contracted at a length 2–5 mm shorter than the test length, vibration sensitivity was high. The low vibration sensitivity following conditioning at the longer length was attributed to the development of slack in intrafusal fibres. In the presence of slack, stimulation of some static fusimotor fibres was able to restore vibration sensitivity fully. It is suggested that the vibration sensitivity of passive spindles arises largely in bag2 intrafusal fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227078
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The responses of secondary endings of cat soleus muscle spindles to succinyl choline (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 100 (1994), S. 58-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Fusimotor Succinyl choline ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report describes the effects of succinylcholine (SCh) on the secondary endings of cat soleus muscle spindles and attempts to explain them in terms of the action of the drug on intrafusal fibres. All but 2 of 41 secondary endings studied in detail showed a significant response to a single intravenous injection of 200 μg kg-1 SCh. This consisted of a rise in the resting rate or development of a resting discharge if the spindle had previously been silent and an increase in the response to stretch. The increases in the responses to stretch were weaker than those observed for primary endings of spindles, but were much larger than those of tendon organs, which showed very little effect with this concentration of drug. The response to SCh showed two features consistent with its action being mediated via an intrafusal muscle fibre contraction rather than a direct depolarising action on the afferent nerve ending. In the presence of SCh, secondary endings were able to maintain a discharge during muscle shortening at rates, on average, more than 5 times greater than under control conditions. Secondly, the increase in spindle discharge produced by SCh showed a length dependence similar to that for fusimotor stimulation. Further support for the action of SCh being principally via an intrafusal fibre contraction was provided by the observation that its effects were abolished by the neuromuscular blocker gallamine triethiodide. The time course of recovery of SCh responses, following their blockade by gallamine, was much slower than recovery of extrafusal tension and closely paralleled that for the recovery of fusimotor responses. In three separate experiments on the medial gastrocnemius muscle the possibility that SCh may exert an excitatory action on spindle sensory endings through the liberation of potassium ions from the muscle was tested by tetanic stimulation of the muscle. This had no detectable excitatory effect. Several observations were made on the effect of SCh on responses of cutaneous receptors. SCh did not change levels of spontaneous activity or responses to mechanical stimulation of either slowly or rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors. It was argued for both tendon organs and cutaneous receptors that if SCh had a direct action on the nerve ending at the concentrations used here, some responses of these receptors to the drug might have been expected. All of the above supports the view that secondary endings of spindles are able to respond to SCh by the development of an intrafusal fibre contracture. The question of the intrafusal fibre types involved is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227279
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved strategy for sequence-specific 13C NMR assignments in [d(CGTACGTACG)]2 (1992)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 30 (1992), S. 377-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 13C NMR ; Maximum likelihood method ; Heteronuclear correlation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 13C resonances of [d(CGTACGTACG)]2 were assigned by heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence and longrange heteronuclear multiple coherence. The maximum likelihood method was used for the sugar regions of the HMQC spectrum, which made it possible to assign unambiguously all the C-2′ carbons and some of the C-5′ carbons.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260300504
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of ethenyl-substituted benzenoid aromatic compounds (1991)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 29 (1991), S. 2-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 1H NMR ; 13C NMR ; Ethenyl-substituted benzenoid aromatics ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1H and 13C NMR studies were carried out on 1-ethenylnaphthalene, 2-ethenylnaphthalene, 9-ethenylanthracene, 9-ethenylphenanthrene, 1-ethenylpyrene and 1-ethenylperylene. Assignments of proton and carbon resonances were made with the aid of 2D COSY, 2D HETCOR, 2D COLOC, 2D COLOCS, 3J(H,C) INAPT, and NOE difference spectral techniques.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260290103
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