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  • Chemistry  (12)
  • 13C-, 18O-, D-Isotope composition  (1)
  • Deep roots function  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rooting depth, water availability, and vegetation cover along an aridity gradient in Patagonia (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 503-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Patagonia-vegetation ; Root distribution ; 13C-, 18O-, D-Isotope composition ; Water ; Plant succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Above-and belowground biomass distribution, isotopic composition of soil and xylem water, and carbon isotope ratios were studied along an aridity gradient in Patagonia (44–45°S). Sites, ranging from those with Nothofagus forest with high annual rainfall (770 mm) to Nothofagus scrub (520 mm), Festuca (290 mm) and Stipa (160 mm) grasslands and into desert vegetation (125 mm), were chosen to test whether rooting depth compensates for low rainfall. Along this gradient, both mean above-and belowground biomass and leaf area index decreased, but average carbon isotope ratios of sun leaves remained constant (at-27‰), indicating no major differences in the ratio of assimilation to stomatal conductance at the time of leaf growth. The depth of the soil horizon that contained 90% of the root biomass was similar for forests and grasslands (about 0.80–0.50 m), but was shallower in the desert (0.30 m). In all habitats, roots reached water-saturated soils or ground water at 2–3 m depth. The depth profile of oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of soil water corresponded inversely to volumetric soil water contents and showed distinct patterns throughout the soil profile due to evaporation, water uptake and rainfall events of the past year. The isotope ratios of soil water indicated that high soil moisture at 2–3 m soil depth had originated from rainy periods earlier in the season or even from past rainy seasons. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of xylem water revealed that all plants used water from recent rain events in the topsoil and not from water-saturated soils at greater depth. However, this study cannot explain the vegetation zonation along the transect on the basis of water supply to the existing plant cover. Although water was accessible to roots in deeper soil layers in all habitats, as demonstrated by high soil moisture, earlier rain events were not fully utilized by the current plant cover during summer drought. The role of seedling establishment in determining species composition and vegetation type, and the indirect effect of seedling establishment on the use of water by fully developed plant cover, are discussed in relation to climate change and vegetation modelling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333727
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 583-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Deep roots function ; Terrestrial vegetation ; Biomes ; Plant forms ; Root depth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The depth at which plants are able to grow roots has important implications for the whole ecosystem hydrological balance, as well as for carbon and nutrient cycling. Here we summarize what we know about the maximum rooting depth of species belonging to the major terrestrial biomes. We found 290 observations of maximum rooting depth in the literature which covered 253 woody and herbaceous species. Maximum rooting depth ranged from 0.3 m for some tundra species to 68 m for Boscia albitrunca in the central Kalahari; 194 species had roots at least 2 m deep, 50 species had roots at a depth of 5 m or more, and 22 species had roots as deep as 10 m or more. The average for the globe was 4.6±0.5 m. Maximum rooting depth by biome was 2.0±0.3 m for boreal forest. 2.1±0.2 m for cropland, 9.5±2.4 m for desert, 5.2±0.8 m for sclerophyllous shrubland and forest, 3.9±0.4 m for temperate coniferous forest, 2.9±0.2 m for temperate deciduous forest, 2.6±0.2 m for temperate grassland, 3.7±0.5 m for tropical deciduous forest, 7.3±2.8 m for tropical evergreen forest, 15.0±5.4 m for tropical grassland/savanna, and 0.5±0.1 m for tundra. Grouping all the species across biomes (except croplands) by three basic functional groups: trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, the maximum rooting depth was 7.0±1.2 m for trees, 5.1±0.8 m for shrubs, and 2.6±0.1 m for herbaceous plants. These data show that deep root habits are quite common in woody and herbaceous species across most of the terrestrial biomes, far deeper than the traditional view has held up to now. This finding has important implications for a better understanding of ecosystem function and its application in developing ecosystem models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329030
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibrational and electronic properties of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)vanadium (III) (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 20 (1989), S. 555-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study of the electronic, infrared, Raman and pre-resonace Raman spectra of the solid complex tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)vanadium(III) was performed. The excitation profiles of the vibrational modes that show preresonance on excitation with laser lines within the electronic bands in the visible region are reported and, on this basis and molecular orbital calculations, several vibrational and electronic absorption bands were assigned.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250200902
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of 4-picolylamine and its [Fe(CN)5]n- complexes (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 22 (1991), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The SER spectra of the complexes [Fe(CN)5(4-picolylamine)]3- and [Fe2(CN)10(4-picolylamine)]6- adsorbed on a silver electrode were investigated. The analysis of the frequency shift of the CN stretching mode indicated that both molecules adsorb via one or more CN ligand groups. For potentials more positive than 0.0 V the CN stretching frequency for both complexes moves towards higher wavenumbers charcterizing the presence of Fe(III) over the surface. The SER spectra of 4-picolylamine adsorbed on a silver electrode in solutions of pH 2.8, 6.5 and 10.3 were also investigated. From the data obtained it was concluded that 4-picolylamine in solution at pH 6.5 and 10.3 adsorbs on the electrode through the nitrogen of the pyridine ring.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250220512
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman and infrared spectra and photochemical behaviour of acetaldehyde isolated in matrices (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 22 (1991), S. 505-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: As part of a general study on the behaviour of acetaldehyde as an atmospheric pollutant, the Raman and infrared spectra are presented of acetaldehyde isolated in argon and nitrogen matrices. Using the observed frequencies, the thermodynamic functions were calculated. By obtaining the vibrational spectra at low temperature, it was possible to assess the results of the photochemical studies that have been done in matrices with both argon and nitrogen gases. The main products in the photochemical decomposition of acetaldehyde under the conditions adopted are methane and carbon monoxide.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250220906
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectra of Br3- and I3- adsorbed on zeolites (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 11 (1981), S. 320-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Raman spectra of Br3- and I3- adsorbed on several zeolites were investigated in order to verify a previous assignment of bands, observed in the spectra of bromine and iodine adsorbed on zeolites, to the trihalide ions formed in the zeolites.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250110505
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman resonance excitation profile of the μ-oxobis[pentacyanomanganate (III)] ion (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 18 (1987), S. 577-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The resonance Raman spectra of potassium μ-oxobis[pentacyanomanganate(III)] cyanide, K7[Mn2O(CN)10]CN, were measured using exciting lines at 356.4, 406.7, 530.9, 568.2, 603.5, 647.1 and 676.4 nm. By combining these data with those obtained previously (excitations at 457.9, 476.5, 488.0, 496.5, 514.5 and 608.6 nm), the excitation profiles were plotted for three totally symmetric vibrations at 1880 (CNax strech), 527 (MnCax stretch) and 259 cm-1 (MnOMn stretch). It was found that the equation derived by Mingardi et al. can adequately express these excitation profiles and that the previous assignment of the electronic transition at 509 nm needs revision.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250180808
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of the redox pair CO(sep)3+/Co(sep)2+ on silver and copper electrodes (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 20 (1989), S. 725-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The surface-enhanced Raman spectra of the redox pair Co(sep)3+/Co(sep)2+ (sep: sepulchrate) adsorbed on silver and copper electrodes have been obtained in the skeletal region for these compounds and the results were consistent with the redox potential of the species. The role of the anions and cations of the support electrolytes in the adsorption of the Co(sep)3+ on a silver electrode suggests that the compound is adsorbed on the electrode via ion pair formation with the anion specifically adsorbed. From the behaviour of the Raman intensity of the CH2 symmetrical stretching vibration it was possible to estimate the pKa of the Co(sep)2+.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250201104
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarized Raman spectra of single-crystal barium nitroprusside trihydrate, Ba[Fe(CN)5NO]·3H2OA communication on this subject was presented at the Xth Congress and General Assembly of the IUCr, Bordeaux, France, 19-28 July 1990. (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 23 (1992), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The room-temperature polarized Raman scattering of single-crystal Ba [Fe(CN)5NO] · 3H2O, space group Pbcm (D112h, No. 57), in the 2200-10 cm-1 spectral range, and a factor group analysis of the nitroprusside anion vibrational modes are presented. The near parallelism between the anion NCFeNO axis and a crystallographic axis facilitates the interpretation of the spectra. The data obtained complement already existing IR studies and the two series of results together provide reference information for the understanding of the vibrational behaviour of the recently reported electronically excited metastable states of the anion. The Raman data confirm the existence of a relatively large correlation (Davydov) splitting between NO stretching modes due to vibrational coupling between neighbouring nitrosyl groups in the lattice.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250230302
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dependence of Raman intensity on the scattering frequency (1978)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 7 (1978), S. 294-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aqueous solutions of (NH4)2MoS4 have been investigated with Ar+ laser excitation, at frequencies which span the visible absorption spectrum. Enhanced values of the anti-Stokes/Stokes intensity ratios for the fundamental ν1 and overtone 2ν1 show that the Nafie et al. theory accounts satisfactorily for these observed ratios.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250070513
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