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  • HbA1c  (2)
  • Synthesis  (2)
  • 2,2′-Bipyridyl molybdenum difluoridedioxide  (1)
  • Age at onset  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and Alzheimer's disease: Effect on age at onset and relative risk in different age groups (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 243 (1996), S. 452-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Apolipoprotein E ; Age at onset ; Relative risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype on the age at onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the relative risk conferred by the apoE ε4 allele were studied in 91 patients and 69 healthy age-matched controls. According to the age of presentation, which varied from 44 to 95 years, subjects were divided into four groups. The inheritance of at least one ɛ4 allele was associated with a significant reduction of the age at onset by 7.7 years among patients who were 83 years or older when examined. A weaker inverse relationship between the ɛ4 allele and the age at onset was also observed among patients who were aged 44–63 years at presentation. The effect of the c4 allele was minimal or absent in the two intermediate age categories. The relative risk of AD conferred by the inheritance of at least one £4 allele showed no consistent age-related pattern. The overall risk expressed as an odds ratio was 5.0 (95% CI 2.4–10.5). With respect to the limitations of the study, we tentatively conclude (1) that the effect of the apoE ɛ4 allele on the age at onset is not restricted to AD patients of a particular age, in accordance with current hypotheses on the role of apoE gene products in the biology of AD; (2) that the relative risk of AD associated with the ɛ4 allele is not significantly modulated by age. Although the apoE ɛ4 allele is an important susceptibility factor for AD occurring in middle age as well as in later life, it is of limited value in routine clinical diagnosis and should not be used for predictive testing in asymptomatic individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900498
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malignancies in patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 126 (2000), S. 412-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Type 1 diabetes mellitus ; Type 2 diabetes mellitus ; Cancer ; Neoplasia ; HbA1c ; Nephropathy ; Retinopathy ; Peripheral neuropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In patients with diabetes mellitus, contradictory results have been reported indicating both increased and reduced risks of malignancies. In the present trial all insulin-treated diabetic patients (n = 2720) attending our centre since 1995 were studied. Of these patients, 28 (type 1/type 2: n = 1/27, 23 women) developed malignancies during insulin therapy: 11 patients developed cancer of the breast, 4 patients cancer of the pancreas, 3 patients cancer of the kidneys and 10 patients developed other malignancies. The characteristics of these patients [mean ± SD (range)] were as follows: age 68.8 ± 8.6 (52.0–87.0) years, diabetes duration 13.1 ± 8.1 (0.5–29.0) years, duration of insulin therapy at the time of the diagnosis of malignancy 4.3 ± 5.7 (0.5–24.0) years, insulin dosage 0.67 ± 0.43 (0.11–1.72) IU/kg body weight, mean HbA1c 9.6 ± 1.9 (6.8–14.9)% (HPLC, Diamat, normal range 4.4%–5.9%). The prevalences of nephropathy, retinopathy (non-proliferative: n = 7) and peripheral neuropathy were 35.7%, 25.0% and 46.4% respectively. When the features of the 27 patients with type 2 diabetes were compared with the characteristics of the type 2 diabetic patients (n = 117, 63 women) studied in a population-based survey of insulin-treated diabetic patients, also performed in the area of Jena [JEVIN; Schiel R et al. (1997a)] there were no significant differences in the duration of insulin therapy (JEVIN: 4.7 ± 4.3 years, P = 0.64), insulin dosage (JEVIN: 0.55 ± 0.27 IU/kg body weight, P = 0.08), mean HbA1c (JEVIN: 9.0 ± 2.1%, P = 0.16) and the prevalences of long-term complications of diabetes. The quality of diabetes control in insulin-treated patients suffering from malignancies is comparable to that of a selection-free population of diabetic patients. Furthermore, in comparison to non-diabetic subjects our diabetic patients showed no altered risk for malignancies as a function of insulin dosage, the duration of diabetes or insulin therapy, the quality of diabetes control or the prevalence of long-term complications of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004320050008
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ausbildung der Patienten mit Typ-I-Diabetes zur Selbsttherapie Bericht aus den Kliniken der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Strukturierte Diabetestherapie (ASD) in Deutschland 1998 (2000)
    Springer
    Medizinische Klinik 95 (2000), S. 359-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6722
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Diabetes mellitus Typ I ; Intensivierte Insulintherapie ; Schulung ; Qualitätssicherung ; HbA1c ; Schwere Hypoglykämie ; Ketoazidose ; Computer ; Key Words Diabetes mellitus Type I ; Intensified insulin therapy ; Patient education ; Qualitiy management ; HbA1c ; Severe hypoglycemia ; Ketoacidosis ; Computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Aim: Intensified insulin therapy is the therapy of choice for patients with diabetes Type I. Intensified insulin therapy includes an basis-bolus insulin injection regimen or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, several times daily blood glucose self-monitoring, self-adaptation of insulin dosages by the patients themselves and a far-reaching liberalization of nutrition. The patients learn selfmanagement of diabetes therapy in a structured treatment and teaching program. The effectivity of this program is evaluated in the routine care. Patients and Method: A peer-review quality circle was formed as an official working group of the German Diabetes Association based on the formation of a working group (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Strukturierte Diabetestherapie [ASD]) of presently 135 general internal medicine departments from city, country and university hospitals throughout the country. The group attempted to document and to improve the quality of structure and process of Type-I diabetes care in its participating institutions by a system of peer supervision. Systematic follow-up examinations of 50 consecutive Type-I diabetic patients 12 to 15 months after participation in the program confirm the outcome quality. The working group meets every year to discuss the results non anonymously. A PC-system (DIQUAL) was developed for collecting, checking and pooling of the outcome data. Results: From 1992 a representative sample of 6.555 patients with Type-I diabetes was examined. At the first time in 1998 the outcome results of 1.789 patients were analyzed depending on the therapeutic goals. In patients with a high initial HbA1c (≥ 8%) an improvement from 9.8 to 8.0% was reached going together with a reduction of severe hypoglycemia from 0.23 to 0.13/patient/year. In patients with an acceptable initial HbA1c (〈 8%) the frequency of severe hypoglycemia could be reduced from 0.65 to 0.24/patient/year without any deterioration in metabolic control. Furthermore the incidence of ketoacidosis with hospitalization and the inpatient days were reduced significantly. Conclusion: A substantial improvement of HbA1c and reduction of acute complications, especially of severe hypoglycemia in patients with Type-I diabetes were reached by participation in a structured teaching and treatment programme in clinical routine care.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Die intensivierte Insulintherapie ist die Therapie der Wahl für Patienten mit Typ-I-Diabetes. Die intensivierte Insulintherapie beinhaltet eine Insulinapplikation nach dem Basis-Bolus-Prinzip oder eine Insulinpumpentherapie., die Selbstanpassung der Insulindosis durch den Patienten nach dem aktuellen Blutglucosewert und eine weitgehende Liberalisierung der Ernährung. In einem strukturierten Behandlungs- und Schulungsprogramm erlernen die Patienten der Selbsttherapie. Die Effektivität dieses Programms in der klinischen Routineversorgung wurde überprüft. Patienten und Methode: Zur Evaluation der Behandlungs- und Schulungsprogramms in der klinischen Routine haben sich 135 Akutkrankenhäuser und Universitätskliniken in der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Strukturierte Diabetestherapie (ASD) der Deutschen Diabetesgesellschaft zusammengeschlossen. Die Struktur- und Prozessqualität in den beteiligten medizinischen Einrichtungen wird durch ein System der gegenseitigen Hospitation (“Peer Supervision”) festgestellt. Der Nachweis der Ergebnisqualität erfolgt durch persönliche Nachuntersuchung einer Stichprobe von mindestens 50 Patienten zwölf bis 15 Monate nach Teilnahme am Behandlungsprogramm. Die Diskussion der Ergebnisse bei der Jahrestagung erfolgt nicht anonym. Zur Erfassung, Überprüfung und Zusammenführung der Ergebnisdaten im Arbeitsalltag wurde DIQUAL, ein PC-System zum ambulanten und stationären Diabetesmanagement entwickelt. Ergebnisse: Seit 1992 wurde eine Stichprobe von 6 555 Patienten evaluiert. Für das Jahr 1998 wurden die Ergebnisdaten von 1 789 Patienten erstmals therapiezielgerecht analysiert. Bei Patienten mit hohem Ausgangs-HbA1c-Wert (≥ 8%) wurde eine Verbesserung von 9,8 auf 8,0% mit einer Reduktion schwerer Hypoglykämien von 0,23 auf 0,13/Patient/Hahr erreicht. Bei Patienten mit akzeptablem Ausgangs-HbA1c (〈 8%) konnten schwere Hypoglykämien von 0,65 auf 0,24/Patient/Jahr reduziert werden ohne eine Verschlechterung der Stoffwechseleinstellung. Die Inzidenz von Ketoazidosen und Krankenhausaufenthalten konnte signifikant gesenkt werden. Schlussfolgerung: Durch strukturierte Therapie und Schulung der Patienten mit Diabetes Typ I in der klinischen Routineversorgung wurden eine deutliche HbA1c-Verbesserung und eine drastische Verminderung von Akutkomplikationen, insbesondere der schweren Unterzuckerungen, erreicht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000630050013
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesen und Kristallstrukturen der Polytellurido-Komplexe [K(15-Krone-5)2]2[MTe7] mit M = Zn und Hg (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 500-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Polytellurido Complexes of Zinc and Mercury ; Synthesis ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the Polyellurido Complexes [K(15-Crown-5)2]2[MTe7] with M = Zn and HgThe title compounds were obtained in the presence of 15-crown 5 from solutions of zinc and mercury acetate, respectively, in DMF by addition of a solution of K2Te3 in DMF at 0°C (M = Zn) and -50°C (M = Hg). They form black crystal needles with metallic luster. Their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The structures of [K(15-crown-5)2]2ZnTe7 and [K(15-crown-5)2]2HgTe7 show two-dimensional disorder as evidence by diffuse scattering. The averaged structures that were determined with the Bragg reflexions correspond to space group Pbcn and have very similar lattice parameters. Nevertheless, the structures differ. [HgTe7]2- ions consist of two condensed five membered rings. They are arranged to form strands in the c direction; within of one strand the ions have a definite orientation, but in different strands two different orientations occur randomly. A [ZnTe7]2- ion can be thought of consisting of a Zn2+ ion, a Te42- ion bonded in a chelate manner and a Te32- ion bonded with one terminal Te atom to the Zn2+. The [ZnTe7]2- ions are associated to strands in the c direction with two different strand orientations occuring randomly.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindungen entstehen aus Lösungen der Acetate von Zink bzw. Quecksilber in DMF bei Anwesenheit von 15-Krone-5 nach Zugabe einer Lösung von K2Te3 in DMF bei 0°C (M = Zn) bzw. -50°C (M = Hg). Die Verbindungen bilden schwarze, metallisch glänzende Kristallnadeln, die wir durch röntgenographische Strukturanalysen charakterisiert haben. Die Kristallstrukturen von [K(15-Krone-5)2]2[ZnTe7] und [K(15-Krone-5)2]2[HgTe7] sind zweidimensional fehlgeordnet, wie die entsprechende diffuse Streuung zeigt. Die Überlagerungsstrukturen, die mit Hilfe der Braggschen Reflexe bestimmt wurden, entsprechen bei beiden Verbindungen der Raumgruppe Pbcn bei sehr Ähnlichen Gitterparametern. Trotzdem unterscheiden sich die Strukturen. Die [HgTe7]2--Ionen bestehen aus zwei kondensierten Fünferringen. Sie sind zu Strängen längs c angeordnet, wobei sie innerhalb eines Stranges eine definierte Orientierung haben, aber von Strang zu Strang eine von zwei entgegengesetzten Orientierungen statistisch vorkommt. Ein [ZnTe7]2--Ion kann man sich aufgebaut denken aus einem Zn2+-Ion, einem chelatartig gebundenen Te42--Ion und einem Te32--Ion, das über ein terminales Te-Atom an das Zn2+ gebunden ist. Die [ZnTe7]2--Ionen sind zu Strängen längs c assoziiert, wobei statistisch zwei Strangorientierungen vorkommen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19936190311
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Kristallstruktur von [MoO2F2(2,2′-Bipyridyl)] (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 610 (1992), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: 2,2′-Bipyridyl molybdenum difluoridedioxide ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Structure of [MoO2F2(2,2′-bipyridyl)]The title compound crystallizes in the space group P21/n with a = 869.6(1), b = 1390.1(3), c = 959.0(1) pm, β = 110.967(5)°, Z = 4; structure determination with 1718 observed independent reflections, R = 0.031. The compound consists of molecules having two cis oxo ligands and a bipyridyl chelate in the MoO2 plane.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P21/n mit a = 869,6(1); b = 1390,1(3); c = 959,0(1) pm; β = 110,967(5)°, Z = 4; Strukturbestimmung mit 1718 beobachteten unabhängigen Reflexen, R = 3,1%. Die Verbindung besitzt eine Molekülstruktur mit cis-ständigen Oxoliganden und dem Bipyridylchelat in der MoO2-Ebene.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19926100119
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthese und Kristallstruktur des Nonaselenids [Sr(15-Krone-5)2]Se9 (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 416-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nonaselenide ; Synthesis ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Nonaselenide [Sr(15-crown-5)2]Se9The title compound was prepared by the reaction of excess selenium with strontium diselenide in DMF in the presence of 15-crown-5. [Sr(15-crown-5)2]Se9 forms black crystals, which are soluble in DMF. They were characterized by FIR spectroscopy and by an X-ray structure determination.Space group P21/n, Z = 4, 2 381 observed unique reflections, R = 0.073. Lattice dimensions at 19°C: a = 1 228.7, b = 1 893.4, c = 1 575.7 pm, β = 99.15°. The compound consists of [Sr(15-crown-5)2]2+ ions in which the strontium ion is coordinated by the oxygen atoms of the crown ether molecules in a sandwich-like fashion, and of Se92- ions with a chain structure, which has a topolocical resemblance with the bicyclic ion Se102-.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung entsteht durch Einwirkung von überschüssigem Selen auf Strontiumdiselenid in Dimethylformamid (DMF) in Gegenwart von 15-Krone-5. [Sr(15-Krone-5)2]Se9 bildet schwarze, in DMF leicht lösliche Kristalle, die durch das FIR-Spektrum und eine röntgenographische Strukturanalyse charakterisiert werden.Raumgruppe P21/n, Z = 4, 2 381 beobachtete unabhängige Reflexe, R = 0,073. Gitterabmessungen bei 19°C: a = 1 228,7; b = 1 893,4; c = 1 575,7 pm, β = 99,15°. Die Verbindung besteht aus [Sr(15-Krone-5)2]2+-Ionen, in denen das Strontiumion sandwichartig von den O-Atomen der beiden Kronenethermoleküle umgeben ist, und kettenförmigen Se92--Ionen, die topologische Verwandtschaft zu dem bicyclischen Se102--Ion aufweisen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19936190229
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