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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Retinoblastom ; Retinoblastomgen ; Mutation ; Key words Retinoblastoma ; Retinoblastoma gene ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Retinoblastoma (RB) is initiated by loss of function of both copies of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB 1). Hereditary predisposition to RB is caused by germline mutations in the RB 1 gene. Tumor formation is initiated by the somatic loss of the second allele. Most patients with hereditary RB develop multiple tumors that usually affect both eyes. In nonhereditary disease, however, both RB 1 mutations are somatic events that cause the formation of a single tumor focus. Knowledge of the germline mutation is often essential for accurate risk prediction. Applying strategies for efficient mutation detection, germline mutations can be identified in most individuals with hereditary RB. The vast majority of mutant alleles cause premature termination of translation owing to frameshift or nonsense mutations. In patients carrying these mutant alleles, penetrance is almost complete (〉95%) and numerous tumor foci are observed. However, some 5% of the mutations result in comparatively mild alterations at the protein level. Patients with mutations of this kind often show a lower mean number of tumor foci (reduced expressivity) or no tumor at all (incomplete penetrance). Reduced expressivity and incomplete penetrance are also observed in patients with large cytogenetic deletions. By mutation analysis in DNA from fresh frozen tumor samples and peripheral blood, we have detected RB 1 germline mutations in some 20% of patients with unilateral RB. These results emphasize the importance of molecular analysis in patients with isolated unilateral RB.
    Notes: Das Retinoblastom (RB) wird durch den Funktionsverlust beider Kopien des Retinoblastomgens (RB 1) bedingt. Die erbliche Disposition zum RB wird durch Keimbahnmutationen im RB 1-Gen verursacht und autosomal-dominant vererbt. Bei nichterblichem RB sind beide Mutationen somatisch. Die Bestimmung von RB 1-Mutationen in DNA aus Blut erlaubt eine genaue Risikoprognose. Durch die Anwendung mehrerer Analyseverfahren können die Mutationen bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten mit erblichem RB identifiziert werden. Diese führen meist zu einem vollständigen Funktionsverlust des betroffenen Allels. Patienten mit solchen Keimbahnmutationen entwickeln nahezu immer Tumoren, zumeist in beiden Augen. Bei etwa 5% der Keimbahnmutationen hingegen bleibt die Funktion teilweise erhalten. Diese Patienten sind oft nur einseitig betroffen oder sogar tumorfrei (unvollständige Penetranz). Unvollständige Penetranz wird auch bei Patienten mit Deletionen beobachtet, die neben dem Genort des RB 1 auch noch weitere Gene betreffen. Etwa 20% der Patienten mit einseitig isoliertem RB haben RB 1-Keimbahnmutationen. Da eine Mutationsanalyse im Tumor die Identifikation dieser Patienten erlaubt, sind molekulargenetische Untersuchungen auch hier hilfreich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: 21-Hydroxylase deficiency ; Molecular genetics ; Restriction patterns ; Major histocompatibility complex class III genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase (21-OHase) deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Patients can present with the salt wasting, simple virilizing or a non-classical form of the disease. The gene for P450C21, the enzyme carrying 21-OHase activity, has been mapped to the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6p. Using molecular hybridisation techniques we have studied the genetic defect in 27 families with one or more affected off-spring diagnosed and treated at the University Hospital of Essen. DNA samples were digested with restriction endonucleaseTaqI,PvuII,BglII, andEcoRI and analysed by Southern blot hybridisation with the cDNA probe pC21/3c. Eleven of 40 haplotypes associated with the salt wasting form were found to have a large deletion of 30 kb affecting the 5′ end of the active 21-OHase gene and the 3′ end of the closely linked pseudogene. Results in another 11 cases are compatible with gene conversion; 18 cases were not informative. The 30 kb deletion was associated with a combination of the HLA antigens Bw47 and DR7 in 7 of 11 cases. In the haplotypes with gene conversion, no linkage disequilibrium to HLA antigens was found. No apparent gene alterations were detected in simple virilizing and non-classical haplotypes. The direct detection of the genetic defect in 55% of the salt wasting haplotypes may help to improve predictive testing in families with CAH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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