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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carotenoid ; Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Photosynthesis ; Rehydration respiration ; Variable-fluorescence decrease ratio ; Xerophyta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Resynthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus and resumption of CO2 assimilation upon rehydration is reported for the monocotyledonous and poikilochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant (PDT) plant Xerophyta scabrida (Pax) Th. Dur. et Schinz (Velloziaceae). During desiccation there was a complete breakdown of chlorophylls whereas the total carotenoid content of air-dried leaves was reduced to about 22% of that of functional leaves. The prerequisites for the resynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and functional thylakoids were the reappearance of turgor and maximum leaf water content at 2 and 10 h after rehydration, respectively. The period of increased initial respiration after rewetting leaves (rehydration respiration) lasted up to 30 h and was thus 6 to 10 times longer than in homoiochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant plants (HDTs) in which chlorophylls are retained during desiccation. Accumulation of chlorophylls a + b and total carotenoids (xanthophylls and βcarotene) started 10 h after rehydration. Normal levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids were obtained 72 h after rehydration. Values for the variable-fluorescence decrease ratio (Rfd690 values), an indicator of photochemical activity, showed that photochemical function started 10 h after rehydration, but normal values of 2.7 were reached only 72 h after rehydration. Net CO2 assimilation started 24 h after rewetting and normal rates were reached after 72 h, at the same time as normal values of stomatal conductance were obtained. The increasing rates of net CO2 assimilation were paralleled by decreasing values of the intercellular CO2 concentration. All photosynthetic parameters investigated showed values normal for functional chloroplasts by 72 h after the onset of rehydration. Fully regreened leaves of the presumed C3 plant X. scabrida exhibited a net CO2 assimilation rate which was in the same range as that of other C3 plants and higher than that of recovered HDT plants. The fundamental difference between air-dried PDT plants, such as X. scabrida, which have to resynthesize the photosynthetic pigment apparatus, and air-dried HDT plants, which only undergo a functional recovery, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1439-099X
    Keywords: Key Words: Breast cancer ; Brachytherapy ; 3-D CT-planning ; Schlüsselwörter: Mammakarzinom ; Brachytherapie ; 3D-CT-Planung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Ziel: Zu vergleichen sind die konventionelle 2D-, die simulatorgestützte Semi-3D- und das heutzutage entwickelte CT-geplante 3D-Brachytherapie-Planungssystem bei der interstitiellen Radiotherapie des Mammakarzinoms. Patienten und Methode: Bei 103 Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom der Stadien T1-2, N0-1 wurde das Tumorbett mit Klips während der brusterhaltenden Operation markiert. 52/103 Patientinnen haben einen Brachytherapie-Boost nach 46 bis 50 Gy Teletherapie bekommen, und 51 von ihnen wurden mit alleiniger Brachytherapie mit plastischen Kathetern behandelt. Die Dosen des Brachytherapie-Boosts und der alleinigen Brachytherapie (bezogen auf die Dosisreferenzpunkte) waren 3mal 4,75 Gy und 7mal 5,2 Gy. Die Positionen der Dosisreferenzpunkte änderten sich in Abhängigkeit von der verwendeten Bestrahlungsplanung (2D, Semi-3D und 3D). Die Implantation wurde in einer, zwei und drei Ebenen in sechs, 89 und acht Fällen appliziert. Die Behandlungsplanung gründete sich auf die 3D-Rekonstruktion der chirurgischen Klips, der Katheter und der Hautpunkte. In allen Fällen wurde die Implantation mit simulatorgestützter Semi-3D-Technik geplant. Bei zehn Patientinnen wurde ein CT-gestütztes 3D-Planungssystem angewendet. Die Semi-3D- und 3D-Bestrahlungspläne wurden mit den hypothetischen 2D-Plänen unter Verwendung des Dosis-Volumen-Histogramms und Dosis-Non-Uniformitäts-Verhältnisses verglichen. Die Werte der durchschnittlichen Zentraldosis, Hautdosis, minimaler Klipdosis, des Verhältnisses der unterdosierten Klips und der durchschnittlichen Dosis an der Oberfläche des Zielvolumens wurden berechnet. Die Genauigkeit der Lokalisation des Tumorbetts und die Konformität des Planungszielvolumens und des Bestrahlungsvolumen wurden bei allen Techniken analysiert. Ergebnisse: Mit Hilfe der konformellen Semi-3D- und 3D-Brachytherapie-Planung konnten wir die Referenzdosispunkte, die aktiven Quellenpositionen und Quellenstandzeiten definieren. Diese Technik verringerte die durchschnittliche Hautdosis um 22,2% und reduzierte die Möglichkeit des geographischen Fehlers. Die beste Konformität zwischen Zielvolumen und Bestrahlungsvolumen konnten wir mit der CT-gestützten 3D-Bestrahlungsplanung erreichen, allerdings auf Kosten einer schlechteren Dosishomogenität. Mit der Semi-3D-Planung reduzierte sich das durchschnittliche Bestrahlungsvolumen um 25,1%, mit der 3D-Planung wurde es, verglichen mit der 2D-Planung, um 16,2% erhöht. Schlußfolgerung: Klipmarkierung des Tumorbetts und die konformelle (Semi-3D- und 3D-) Planung Helfen, den geographischen Fehler zu verhindern. Das CT ist für die 3D-Brachytherapie-Planung geeignet. Mit dieser neuen Technik ist eine bessere lokale Kontrolle mit weniger Nebenwirkungen erreichbar. Die konformelle 3D-Brachytherapie braucht eine neue Bestrahlungskonzeption, die die irreguläre dreidimensionale Form des Zielvolumens berücksichtigt. Die Etablierung der CT-gestützten 3D-Brachytherapie in die klinische Routine ist ein erstrebenswertes Ziel.
    Notes: Purpose: To compare the conventional 2-D, the simulator-guided semi-3-D and the recently developed CT-guided 3-D brachytherapy treatment planning in the interstitial radiotherapy of breast cancer. Patients and Methods: In 103 patients with T1-2, N0-1 breast cancer the tumor bed was clipped during breast conserving surgery. Fifty-two of them received boost brachytherapy after 46 to 50 Gy teletherapy and 51 patients were treated with brachytherapy alone via flexible implant tubes. Single, double and triple plane implant was used in 6, 89 and 8 cases, respectively. The dose of boost brachytherapy and sole brachytherapy prescribed to dose reference points was 3 times, 4.75 Gy and 7 times 5.2 Gy, respectively. The positions of dose reference points varied according to the level (2-D, semi-3-D and 3-D) of treatment planning performed. The treatment planning was based on the 3-D reconstruction of the surgical clips, implant tubes and skin points. In all cases the implantations were planned with a semi-3-D technique aided by simulator. In 10 cases a recently developed CT-guided 3-D planning system was used. The semi-3-D and 3-D treatment plans were compared to hypothetical 2-D plans using dose-volume histograms and dose non-uniformity ratios. The values of mean central dose, mean skin dose, minimal clip dose, proportion of underdosaged clips and mean target surface dose were evaluated. The accuracy of tumor bed localization and the conformity of planning target volume and treated volume were also analyzed in each technique. Results: With the help of conformal semi-3-D and 3-D brachytherapy planing we could define reference dose points, active source positions and dwell times individually. This technique decreased the mean skin dose with 22.2% and reduced the possibility of geographical miss. We could achieve the best conformity between the planning target volume and the treated volume with the CT-image based 3-D treatment planning, at the cost of worse dose homogeneity. The mean treated volume was reduced by 25.1% with semi-3-D planning, however, it was increased by 16.2% with 3-D planning, compared to the 2-D planning. Conclusion: The application of clips into the tumor bed and the conformal (semi-3-D and 3-d) planning help to avoid geographical miss. CT is suitable for 3-D brachytherapy planning. Better local control with less side effects might be achieved with these new techniques. Conformal 3-D brachytherapy calls for new treatment planning concepts, taking the irregular 3-D shape of the target volume into account. The routine clinical application of image-based 3-D brachytherapy is a real aim in the very close future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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