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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malarial parasitism and male competition for mates in the western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 73 (1987), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Mate competition ; Parasitism ; Malaria ; Lizards ; Sceloporus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of malarial parasitism on the ability of male western fence lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, to compete for access to females was assessed experimentally. Pairs of male lizards, one infected with the malarial parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum, and the other not infected, were matched by size and color and placed in large seminatural outdoor enclosures along with an adult female lizard. Infected males displayed to females and to other males less often than did noninfected male lizards. Noninfected lizards were dominant in social interactions more often than malarious animals, based on duration and intensity of agonistic encounters toward the other male, and time spent with the female. Thus, malarial infection hinders the ability of male fence lizards to compete for mates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385255
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interspecific interactions tested: two species of malarial parasite in a West African lizard (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 97 (1994), S. 326-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Parasite ; Malaria ; Lizards ; Africa Plasmodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plasmodium giganteum and P. agamae, parasites of the rainbow lizard, Agama agama, in West Africa were studied to determine the nature of any interspecific interactions between the two malaria species. The plasmodia are distributed in A. agama throughout the mesic zone of Africa; P. agamae is sometimes found as a solitary malaria species in populations of the lizard, but P. gigateum has not been found alone. In 3170 lizards from Sierra Leone the prevalence of lizard malaria at 22 sites varied considerably (8–90% of lizards were infected), but the ratio of the two species was similar among sites (52–91% P. agamae). Larger lizards were more often infected. Mixed infections occurred 2–5 times more often than expected by chance. Parasite density within individual hosts, or parasitemia, was similar for each species when alone or in mixed infection. Natural infections followed in laboratory lizards stayed at constant levels for as long as 211 days. The two species use different classes of host cells (P. giganteum in immature cells and P. agamae in mature erythrocytes) and may have different periods of peak transmission. Analysis of the data does not support a neutral relationship between P. giganteum and P. agamae, nor ongoing competition for resources or heterologous immunity. The data best support facilitation in which P. agamae alters the host in a way that allows more successful establishment of P. giganteum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317322
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parasite-mediated competition in Anolis lizards (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 92 (1992), S. 58-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Parasite ; Competition ; Malaria ; Anolis ; Lizards ; Caribbean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary On many small Caribbean islands, two species of Anolis lizard coexist, but the two are typically very different in body size. The two Anolis of St. Maarten, however, are exceptional because they are similar in size and are known to be strongly competitive. One species, A. gingivinus, appears the stronger competitor and occurs throughout the island; the other, A. wattsi, is found only in the central hills. The malarial parasite Plasmodium azurophilum very rarely infects A. wattsi, but in some locations is very common in A. gingivinus. Wherever malaria infects A. gingivinus, A. wattsi is present, but wherever malaria is absent, only A. gingivinus occurs. This pattern of coincidence of malaria and coexistence of both Anolis is observed over distances of only a few hundred meters. The parasite infects both red and white blood cells of A. gingivinus and causes important pathology: immature erthrocytes increase in abundance, blood hemoglobin decreases, monocytes and neutrophils increase, and infected white cells are less likely to produce acid phosphatase. These results argue that malaria mediates competition between the two species and determines the present distribution of the lizards on St. Maarten. This kind of parasite-mediated competition could be common if susceptibility to parasitic infection varies among competitors. The distribution of malaria in the Anolis of Caribbean islands suggests this parasite can play an important role in Anolis community ecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317262
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parasites and showy males: malarial infection and color variation in fence lizards (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 158-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Parasites ; Malaria ; Lizards ; Sexual selection ; Sexual dimorphism ; Hamilton/Zuk hypothesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hamilton and Zuk (1982) proposed that the quality of male showy traits reflects genetically-based resistance to parasites and can be used by females to select mates that are less prone to parasitic attack. The hypothesis requires that a particular state of a variable showy trait should be associated with parasite infection. We tested this idea with a population of western fence lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, infected with the malarial parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum. Ventral color pattern is strongly dimorphic in fence lizards and varies greatly among males in this population. Malaria-infected males exhibited significantly more black and less pale on their ventral surface than did noninfected males of similar body size. This difference was not a function of differing ages of infected and noninfected animals of the same body size. However, logistic regression demonstrated that females using male ventral color as a gauge of infection status would only marginally improve their chance of choosing a noninfected lizard over random selection of mates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377151
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ICPM-unabhängige Dokumentation der neuen Entgeltformen—Methode und Ergebnisse 1995 (1997)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 382 (1997), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz ; Decision support ; Godesberger Diagnosis and Therapy Catalogue ; Diagnosis ; GSG ; Entscheidungsunterstützendes System ; Godesberger Diagnosen- und Therapieschlüssel ; Diagnose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Inkrafttreten des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetzes (GSG) wurde das Selbstkostendeckungsprinzip durch den Anspruch auf medizinisch leistungsgerechte Pflegesätze ersetzt. Auf der Basis des Godesberger Diagnosen- und Therapieschlüssels wurde zur Dokumentation der neuen Entgeltformen das bestehende EDV-System um ein entscheidungsunterstützendes System ergänzt, das automatisch unter Zuhilfenahme intelligenter Plausibilitätsprüfungen, aber unabhängig von der ICPM-Kodierung einen Entgeltvorschlag generiert. Für diesen Entgeltvorschlag produziert das Subsystem aus dokumentierter Diagnose und Therapie entsprechend den vorgegebenen Zuordnungsmatrizes einen eindeutigen Entgeltvorschlag. Somit besteht einseitige ICD- wie ICPM-Kompatibilität. Die Auswertung der Jahre 1994 und 1995 zeigt, daß 2/5 der Eingriffe durch diese neuen Entgelte abgedeckt sind. Die vollständige und korrekte Datenerhebung wird durch ein engmaschiges, mehrstufiges Kontrollsystem sichergestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The structural health care law (known as the Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz or GSG) of the Federal Republic of Germany has been enacted to replace the covering cost prices by various forms of payment. On the basis of the Godesberg Diagnosis and Therapy Catalogue, a new system has been developed that assesses all new implications of the care benefit law. With the help of intelligent plausibility tests, a particular case (PC) or a special rate (SR) is suggested. The documentation system works without ICPM numbers. The conversion of diagnosis and therapies to ICD-10/ICPM numbers is possible. The results of the first half of 1995 and the second half of 1995 show that only two-fifths of operations can be assessed with PC or SR. Neither emphasis on certain operations nor the more differentiated illnesses are recognised as extra costs by the GSG regulations. Complete and correct documentation is achieved by a strict and stratified control system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465091
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ICPM-unabhängige Dokumentation der neuen Entgeltformen – Methode und Ergebnisse 1995 (1997)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 382 (1997), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz ; Decision support ; Godesberger Diagnosis and Therapy Catalogue ; Diagnosis ; Schlüsselwörter GSG ; Entscheidungsunterstützendes System ; Godesberger Diagnosen- und Therapieschlüssel ; Diagnose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Inkrafttreten des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetzes (GSG) wurde das Selbstkostendeckungsprinzip durch den Anspruch auf medizinisch leistungsgerechte Pflegesätze ersetzt. Auf der Basis des Godesberger Diagnosen- und Therapieschlüssels wurde zur Dokumentation der neuen Entgeltformen das bestehende EDV-System um ein entscheidungsunterstützendes System ergänzt, das automatisch unter Zuhilfenahme intelligenter Plausibilitätsprüfungen, aber unabhängig von der ICPM-Kodierung einen Entgeltvorschlag generiert. Für diesen Entgeltvorschlag produziert das Subsystem aus dokumentierter Diagnose und Therapie entsprechend den vorgegebenen Zuordnungsmatrizes einen eindeutigen Entgeltvorschlag. Somit besteht einseitige ICD- wie ICPM- Kompatibilität. Die Auswertung der Jahre 1994 und 1995 zeigt, daß 2/5 der Eingriffe durch diese neuen Entgelte abgedeckt sind. Die vollständige und korrekte Datenerhebung wird durch ein engmaschiges, mehrstufiges Kontrollsystem sichergestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The structural health care law (known as the Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz or GSG) of the Federal Republic of Germany has been enacted to replace the covering cost prices by various forms of payment. On the basis of the Godesberg Diagnosis and Therapy Catalogue, a new system has been developed that assesses all new implications of the care benefit law. With the help of intelligent plausibility tests, a particular case (PC) or a special rate (SR) is suggested. The documentation system works without ICPM numbers. The conversion of diagnosis and therapies to ICD-10/ICPM numbers is possible. The results of the first half of 1995 and the second half of 1995 show that only two-fifths of operations can be assessed with PC or SR. Neither emphasis on certain operations nor the more differentiated illnesses are recognised as extra costs by the GSG regulations. Complete and correct documentation is achieved by a strict and stratified control system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008021
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitation in low-energy Li+ collisions with cesiated W(110) surfaces: alignment and orientation of the collisionally excited Li(2p) state (1990)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 16 (1990), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 34.50.H ; 34.70 ; 79.20.N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The linear and circular polarization of the Li(2p−2s) emission has been measured for Li+ collisions with cesiated and oxydized cesiated W(110) surfaces, Cs-W(110) and O/Cs-W(110), at impact energies below 1 keV for an incidence angle of 5 degrees with respect to the surface plane. The cesium coverage has been varied between zero and the saturation coverage at room temperature. Although the excitation of the projectile seems to occur in a binary collision with only one Cs adatom, the presence of the surface influences the total photon yield by Auger deexcitation, and the circular polarization by affecting the energetic separation of the Li(2p) substates close to the surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01437329
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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