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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 12 (1989), S. 131-134 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 81.15.G ; 61.00
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Small bismuth clusters with narrow size distribution (2→10 atoms) were generated in an inert gas condensation source and vacuum deposited, at room temperature, on amorphous carbon. The deposit has been characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) which has shown a growth process involving the formation of large particles: diameter from 1.5 to 20 nm. Axial illumination lattice imaging with a high resolution electron microscope has been performed. Particles of about 20 nm diameter have been formed with a single crystalline core edged by an amorphous shell. Cluster images in the $$[\bar 220\bar 1]$$ direction are presented in detail and compared with simulated images of bismuth single crystal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 263-266 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 81.15.G ; 61.00
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Small bismuth particles have been formed on amorphous carbon films by molecular beam deposition. The pressure during the deposition was less than 1 × 10−4 Pa. At low thicknesses (〈1.5 nm) most of Bi particles are small (2 to 10 nm) and isolated. Electron diffraction and dark field transmission electron microscopy observations (dark field T.E.M.) show that these particles are not crystallized. Increasing the thickness of the deposit, the diameter of aggregates and also the number of crystallized particles increase. Then there is coexistence between non-crystallized and crystallized particles. At thicknesses higher than 2 nm, electron diffractions show rings (indicating the crystallization of particles) which can be indexed in the normal rhombohedral structure of bismuth. In situ low temperature T.E.M. observations of low (or intermediate) thickness Bi deposits performed using a cooling stage show the crystallization of particles. Returning at room temperature, many particles which were not crystallized at the begining of the experiment retain the crystallized structure. It is then necessary to warm up the sample to melt these particles which crystallize again at room temperature. This behaviour agrees with a liquid state for particles after deposition which can be explained by a supercooling phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 3 (1974), S. 176-178 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The determination of film thicknesses by XRFA is known from the literature. In most cases these methods are based on a comparison with defined reference films. Together with theoretical considerations a new method is developed, where no reference films are needed. An estimation on the accuracy of this method and measurements used in an energy dispersive system are discussed, and the method is evaluated.
    Notes: Die röntgnfluoreszenzanalytiche Bestimmung der Massenbelegung dünner Schichten ist literaturbekannt. Diese Methoden bauen zumeist auf einem Vergleich mit Proben difinierter. Massenbelegung auf. Es wird von der Theorie her gezeit, wie eine eichprobenfreie Messung möglich ist. Neben einer Abschätzung der mit dieser Methode verbundenen Fehler Werden die Messungen mit einem energiedispersiven Spektrometer und die rechnerische Auswertung behandelt.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 355 (1967), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aluminium chloride gives on reduction in pyridine a radical solution whose ESR spectrum indicates spin coupling with two Al, two N and two H nuclei, the latter being protons in 6-position. It is derived that bis-(N-dichloroaluminium)-1,1′,2,2′-tetrahydro-4,4′-bipyridyl is formed, which dissociates into radicals at the C—C linkage between the two dihydropyridyl groups. This suggestion is also based on the formation of the same radical from Cl2AlH and 4,4′-bipyridyl, and on its observed NMR contact shifts.
    Notes: Aluminiumchlorid bildet bei der Reduktion in Pyridin eine (Abb. 1a, b) radikalische Lösung, deren ESR-Spektrum durch die Kopplung des Elektronenspins mit zwei Al-, zwei N- und zwei H-Kernen zu deuten ist. Versuche mit partiell deuterierten Pyridinen zeigen, daß es sich bei den Wasserstoffatomkernen um Protonen in 6-Stellung handeln muß. Die aus diesen Ergebnissen abgeleitete Struktur ist die eines Bis-(N-dichloraluminium)-1,1′,2,2′-tetrahydro-4,4′-bipyridyls, das an der Verknüpfungsstelle zweier Dihydropyridylreste in Radikale zu dissoziieren vermag. Gestützt wird diese Formulierung durch die Addition von Dichloralan Cl2AlH, an 4,4′-Bipyridyl, bei der das gleiche Radikal entsteht. Zur Ergänzung der ESR-Kopplungskonstanten wurden die „paramagnetischen Kontaktverschiebungen“ im NMR-Spektrum gemessen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 14 (1901), S. 207-208 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 17 (1904), S. 1505-1509 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 18 (1905), S. 254-255 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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