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  • Chemistry  (90)
  • AML  (2)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (2)
  • 68M20  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computing 56 (1996), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 68M20 ; Probabilistic algorithm ; online scheduling ; interval ; busy time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten das Problem der Zuteilung von Aufgaben bestimmter Rechenzeit auf einem Rechner, um so seine Auslastung zu maximieren. Die Aufgabe besteht darin, einen probabilistischen Online-Algorithmus mit vernünftigem worst-case Performance-Verhältnis zu finden. Wir geben die Antwort auf ein offenes Problem von Lipton und Tompkins, das das bestmögliche Verhältnis betrifft. Weiter verallgemeinern wir ihre Ergebnisse auf einm-Maschinen-Analogon. Schließlich wird eine Variante des Problems analysiert, in dem der Rechner mit einem Zwischenspeicher für einen Job versehen ist.
    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of scheduling tasks requiring certain processing times on one machine so that the busy time of the machine is maximized. The problem is to find a probabilistic online algorithm with reasonable worst case performance ratio. We answer an open problem of Lipton and Tompkins concerning the best possible ratio that can be achieved. Furthermore, we extend their results to anm-machine analogue. Finally, a variant of the problem is analyzed, in which the machine is provided with a buffer to store one job.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Cytidine deaminase ; AraC ; AML ; Pharmacokinetics ; Pharmacodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The clinical effects of cytosine arabinoside (AraC) are highly dependent on schedule and dose. Many regimens administered to patients are derived from artificial model systems involving permanent leukemic cell lines. The differences in pharmacokinetics between the in vivo situation and such cell lines are largely neglected. However, cytidine deaminase activity in particular has a major impact on AraC pharmacokinetics by degrading AraC to its inactive metabolite AraU, and it has been shown to be of prognostic relevance in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. This study therefore investigated cytidine deaminase activities and AraC deamination in a variety of the most commonly used leukemic cell lines and fresh blasts and their impact on the results of an in vitro model system. It was found that cells from different cell lines (BLIN, CEM, HL60, K562, RAJI, REH, U937) vary greatly in cytidine deaminase activity (e.g., 1.89 nmol per min/mg in K562 versus 0.01 in BLIN cells) and degrade between 18.5 (BLIN) and 96.5% (REH) of AraC to AraU in the incubation medium. This degradation results in highly different AraC exposures for different cells (e.g., AUC of 960 ng per h/ml in REH versus 4048 ng per h/ml in BLIN cells) in spite of identical starting concentrations of the drug. Formation of AraCTP as the main cytotoxic metabolite of AraC is significantly influenced by the differences in cell type-dependent cytidine deaminase activity (e.g., 35.6 ng/107 cells in REH versus 180.2 ng/107 cells in BLIN cells). In contrast to permanent cell lines, fresh leukemic blasts and normal bone marrow mononuclear cells featured low AraC degradation in the model system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words G-CSF ; AML ; Cytosine arabinoside ; Refractory disease ; Salvage therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Patients with primary refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who undergo intensive salvage chemotherapy carry a high risk of treatment failure due to infectious complications and early relapses. The study presented here assessed the effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the duration of post-treatment neutropenia, the incidence of infection-related deaths, and the disease-free and overall survival. Sixty-eight evaluable patients with relapsed and refractory AML received G-CSF 5 μg/kg per day subcutaneously starting 2 days after the completion of salvage treatment with the S-HAM regimen, consisting of high-dose cytosine arabinoside twice daily on days 1, 2, 8, and 9 and mitoxantrone on days 3, 4, 10, and 11. Ninety-one patients who were treated with the identical S-HAM regimen but without G-CSF support during a preceding study served as controls. The application of G-CSF resulted in a significant shortening of critical neutropenia of less than 500 μl (36 vs. 40 days;p=0.008), which translated into a trend towards a lower early death rate (21% vs. 30%) and an increase of complete remissions (56% vs. 47%, p=0.11). In patients younger than 60 years a significant prolongation of time to treatment failure (159 vs. 93 days, p=0.038) and of duration of disease-free survival (203 vs. 97 days, p=0.003) was observed. These results indicate a beneficial effect of G-CSF on early mortality as well as on long-term outcome when administered after S-HAM salvage therapy for advanced AML.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 164 (1973), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 2539-2542 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N-Ethylaziridine (1) was polymerized in water with HCl as initiator and copolymerized with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aziridine (2). Rapid propagation and termination reactions were observed. The maximum yield increases with the initiator concentration, whereas the molecular weight decreases. This is due to the difference in basicity between the tertiary N-atoms of the two monomers and the tertiary and the terminal secondary N-atoms of the polymers, which causes tranfer and termination reactions. Macrocycles with a side chain on a quaternary N-atom are formed. During the copolymerization, the more basic 1 is preferentially incorporated into the copolymer chain. The copolymerization parameters can be estimated roughly on the basis of basicity considerations: r1 〉 1; r2 〈 1. The ratio of the rate constants (propagation to termination) is lower for 1 than for 2. This is due to the fact that the basicity difference between the monomer and the tertiary N-atoms of the polymer is higher for 1 than for 2. By reaction of thionyl chloride with the copolymers the desired hydrochlorides of the N-(2-chloroethyl) derivatives are obtained. The neutralisation with alkali did not result the free bases, since the products formed are rather due to side reactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 3123-3131 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal stabilities of polybutadienyllithium, polyisoprenyllithium, and polystyryllithium solutions have been determined in hydrocarbon solvents. Kinetic analysis indicated that a complex mechanism was involved in the thermolysis of polybutadienyllithium. The thermal stability was observed to increase with increasing lithium concentration, suggesting the presence of competitive reactions in addition to the expected elimination of lithium hydride. The thermal stability of the three systems studied was consistent with their reported degrees of association: dimeric polystyryllithium was less stable than tetrameric polyisoprenyllithium or hexameric polybutadienyllithium.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 3133-3144 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In addition to the expected elimination of lithium hydride, metalation and addition reactions have been observed as competitive, thermolytic reactions of polybutadienyllithium. The importance of these reactions at temperatures frequently utilized for the polymerization of butadiene was illustrated and the effect of these reactions on the macrostructure of polybutadiene determined.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 158 (1941), S. 186-199 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1973), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Mechanismus strahleninduzierter Polymerisationen im festen Zustand gab bisher vielerlei Anlaß zu Spekulationen. Da energiereiche Strahlen normalerweise im festen Monomeren sowohl Radikale als auch Ionen erzeugen, ist es schwierig zu unterscheiden, welche Art dieser Spezies tatsächlich die Polymerisation auslöst.Wir haben eine Methode entwickelt, die es erlaubt, kationische und anionische aktive Zentren zu unterscheiden. Kationische Polymerisationen werden durch Zugabe einer Base wie Natriumalkoholat in einem geeigneten Lösungsmittel abgebrochen; die Alkoxygruppe wird dabei in das Polymere als Endgruppe eingebaut. Diese Endgruppe wird nach Isolierung und Reinigung des Polymeren analytisch bestimmt. Der Einbau von Alkoxy-Endgruppen in das Polymere beweist das Auftreten von Polymerketten mit kationischen Kettenenden. Mit dieser Methode wurde gezeigt, daß bei der γ-strahleninduzierten Polymerisation von kristallinem Trioxan bei 60°C Polyoxymethylen-Kationen vorliegen. Es wird angenommen, daß das Kettenwachstum wie bei mit LEWIS-Säuren initiierten Polymerisationen über diese kationischen Zentren erfolgt.Anionische Kettenenden können auf analoge Weise bestimmt werden. Die Polymerisa-tionen werden durch Zugabe eines Überschusses an Alkyljodid abgebrochen, das mit anionischen Kettenenden unter Bildung von Alkoxy-Endgruppen reagiert. Überraschend wurden bei der strahleninduzierten Polymerisation von kristallinem Trioxan auch anionische Kettenenden im Polymeren gefunden. Es wird angenommen, daß diese Anionen nur als Gegenionen zu den wachsenden kationischen Kettenenden fungieren und selbst nicht zu einem Kettenwachstum führen
    Notes: The mechanism of radiation-induced polymerizations in the solid state has been a subject mostly open to speculation. As radiation usually generates several kinds of active species (radicals and ions) it is difficult to find out, which of these actually causes polymerization.We have developped a method distinguishing between cationic and anionic active centers. Cationic polymerizations are terminated by addition of a base such as sodium alkoxide in a suitable solvent. The alkoxide is incorporated into the polymer as an endgroup. This endgroup is determined analytically after isolation and purification of the polymer. The incorporation of alkoxy endgroups into the polymer is a proof of the occurrence of polymer chains with cationic chain ends. It was shown by this method that crystalline trioxane, polymerized by γ-rays at 60°C, contains polyoxymethylene cations. It is assumed that with these cationic active centers propagation is similar to polymerizations initiated by LEWIS acids. Anionic chain ends can be detected by an analogous way. Polymerizations are terminated by addition of excess alkyl iodide which produces alkoxy endgroups from the anionic chain ends. Surprisingly, in the radiation-induced polymerization of crystalline trioxane some anionic chain ends were also found in the polymer. It is assumed that these anions do not propagate and that they are only counter-ions of the propagating cationic chain ends.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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