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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4)
  • Catecholamines  (2)
  • Chemistry  (2)
  • ACTH  (1)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavior ; Aggression ; Catecholamines ; α2 Adrenoceptors ; Adrenoceptors ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three α2 adrenoceptor blockers (idazoxan, yohimbine and CH-38083) on isolation-induced aggressive behavior was studied in male mice. The three drugs produced different behavioral profiles. Idazoxan reduced aggressiveness dose-dependently by decreasing the duration of offensive/aggressive interactions and increasing the duration of defensive behaviors. The other two drugs produced only parts of the dual action of idazoxan: yohimbine affected mainly defensive behaviors, while CH-38083 affected only the time spent with fighting. Saline injections per se also influenced behavior and, in contrast to α2 adrenoceptor blockers, induced an increase in aggressiveness. These results are different from those previously obtained in rats, which show bell-shaped dose-response curves in response to α2 adrenoceptor blockers (small doses increased, while large doses decreased aggression). It is postulated that the strong behavioral reaction of mice to the injection per se may mask the aggression-heightening effects of small doses of α2 adrenoceptor blockers in this species. A theory is also presented regarding the complexity of adrenoceptor interactions when both pre-, and postsynaptic α2 adrenoceptors are blocked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 115 (1994), S. 478-484 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Aggression ; α2 Adrenoceptors ; Catecholamines ; ACTH ; Corticosterone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of adrenergic activation on aggressiveness and the aggression induced endocrine changes were tested in rats. α2 adrenoceptor blockers were used for enhancing activation of the adrenergic system, and changes in aggressiveness were tested in resident-intruder contests. Three experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, saline injected rats responded to the presence of an opponent by aggression and the increase in plasma ACTH and corticosterone. Intraperitoneal administration of 1 mg/kg CH-38083 (an α2 adrenoceptor antagonist) produced a several fold increase in clinch fighting and mutual upright scores, and also further enhanced the plasma ACTH and corticosterone response. In experiment 2, the effect of three doses (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg) of three different α2 adrenoceptor blockers CH-38083, idazoxan and yohimbine were tested. All the substances increased aggression at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg; at 2 mg/kg the effect of idazoxan and yohimbine disappeared, while with CH-38083 an additional increase was obtained. In yohimbine treated animals the enhancement of aggression was reduced already at 1 mg/kg. In experiment 3, indomethacin, a potent inhibitor of the catecholamine-induced ACTH release completely abolished the effects of the α2 adrenoceptor antagonist CH-38083: the intensity of agonistic interactions, as well as ACTH and corticosterone plasma concentrations, returned to control levels. The possible role of catecholamines and the stress hormones in the activation of aggression is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-γ-L-glutamic acid has been synthesized by the activated pentachlorophenyl ester polymerization method and the molecule weight of the polymer was found to be 16,000. Comparative conformational studies on the synthetic and on the native polyglutamic acid mbtained from B. anthracis and B. subtilis were carried out using optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, peptide absorption spectrum, and titration data. These results show that poly-γ-glutamic acid does not exhibit any conformational order under the conditions of investigation. At low degrees of ionization, restriction of conformational freedom via random “hypercoiling” of the chain appears likely.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To make a comparison of some of the various polymerization methods, poly-γ-D-and L-glutamylglycine were synthesized through the mixed anhydride, carbodiimide, and pentachlorophenyl active ester methods. This last method proved to be best, on the basis of weight-average molecular weights (M̄w). A detailed study was also carried out to determine the optimum conditions for this method. The M̄w, values of the polymers were determined by the sedimentation equilibrium method; it was found that the pentachlorophenyl active ester gave M̄w values of up to 11, 500 but the mixed anhydride and carbodiimide methods gave M̄w, values of only about 1000. Tests with rabbit antianthrax immune serum showed that neither D- nor L-isomer precipitated with the antiserum, but that, both were able to inhibit the precipitation of the antiserum by anthrax polypeptide. In addition, the D-polymer gave more inhibition than the L, which would indicate a specificity of the antibody for D-glutamic acid residues.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 5 (1967), S. 1279-1287 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro- and hexabromobicyclo-[2,2,1]-5-heptene-2-carboxylic acid vinyl esters have been prepared by esterification of the Diels-Alder addition products of hexachloro- and hexabromocyclopentadiene with acrylic acid. These monomers have been copolymerized with acrylonitrile to yield flame-retardant polymers. Copolymers having a chlorine content up to 18.35% or a bromine content up to 6.35% burn, but copolymers containing 25.0% or more of chlorine or 9.83% or more of bromine do not support combustion.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 5 (1967), S. 563-583 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aliphatic aldehydes have been condensed with cyanoacetic acid and the resulting olefin intermediates hydrogenated and then submitted to a Mannich-type reaction to produce α-alkylacrylonitriles with the alkyl groups ranging from C1 to C12. It was not necessary to isolate the intermediates when the reactions were carried out in acetonitrile solutions. The α-alkylacrylonitriles with C7 or higher alkyl groups in the chains would polymerize by radical initiation in emulsion to give polymers which were sticky, rubbery products and showed adhesive characteristics. Anionic initiation did not yield polymers with the α-alkylacrylonitriles containing high alkyl groups but did convert the C2 to C4 alkyl-substituted acrylonitriles to low molecular weight colored products. Some copolymers of α-alkylacrylonitriles with acrylonitrile were prepared in emulsion by radical initiation. The monomer ratios in these copolymers were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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