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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: AIDS gastropathy ; human immunodeficiency virus ; parietal cells ; gastric acid ; intrinsic factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms underlying acid secretory failure in patients with HIV disease are unknown. We evaluated, in a series of preliminary studies, changes associated with parietal cell structure and function in early and late HIV disease, in an attempt to elucidate possible underlying mechanisms. Gastric acid and intrinsic factor secretion, vitamin B12 absorption, and light and electron microscopic evaluation of gastric mucosa were evaluated in patients with early and late HIV infection (AIDS) and compared to non-HIV-infected controls. Immunolocalization of HIV-related antigens in gastric mucosa was also examined. Fasting gastric juice pH and intrinsic factor (IF) concentration in AIDS and HIV infected subjects were significantly different from controls (P=0.012 andP=0.025, respectively for pH, and 0.029 and 0.035 for IF; ANOVA LSD test). By contrast, maximal acid output (MAO) was significantly lower in AIDS, but not HIV-infected subjects (P=0.043 andP=0.322, respectively). Similarly, Schilling test phases 1 and 2 results were significantly lower in AIDS, but not HIV-infected subjects. Varying degrees of vacuolar degeneration of parietal cells were seen on light microscopy. On electron microscopy (EM), tubulovesicles were reduced and intracellular canaliculi dilated with striking loss of microvilli. Immunofluorescent staining with antibodies to gp120, gp41, p24, and p17 demonstrated positive punctate signals in the cytoplasm of gastric glands, which includes parietal cells. Immunogold EM with anti-gp120, localized predominantly to the microvilli of intracellular canaliculi in parietal cells. Abnormal secretory function of parietal cells occurs early in HIV disease, affects acid as well as intrinsic factor secretion, and is associated with morphological changes in the acid secretory apparatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Colour Change ; Chromatophores ; Neurohumor ; Leeches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une enquête a été conduite sur quelques — uns des facteurs qui ont une influence sur les changements physiologiques de la couleur de seize espèces de sangsues d'eau douce et d'eau marine, ces espèces représentant les quatre familles principales. Une certaine accentuation portait sur la glossiphoniid d'eau fraîche, Theromyzon tessulatum (O. F. Müller, 1774) et la piscicolid marine Calliobdella carolinensis Sawyer & Chamberlain, 1972. Les chromatophores individuelles ont été évaluées selon l'index chromatophore de Hogben & Slome (1931). La lumière a un effet profond sur le changement de couleur de certaines sangsues. Elles brunissent à la lumière et s'éclaircissent dans l'obscurité. Les sangsues ne s'adaptent pas à l'arrière plan (mimétesme). La température ne joue qu'un rôle mineur dans le procédé de changement de couleur chez les sangsues; ses effets peuvent varier selon les espèces. Le changement de couleur prend de 15 à 30 minutes, ou plus, à se réaliser. Une série d'expériences de ligation et de transection du cordon nerveux ventral, surtout sur la C. carolinensis, démontre que le système nerveux est intimement impliquè dans le procédé de changement de couleur, au moins chez certaines sangsues. La participation du système nerveux au changement de couleur se fait probablement vià un mécanisme neurohuméral. Dans le procédé physiologique, le changement de couleur ne prend lieu que chez certaines espèces de Piscicolidae et de Glossiphoniidae. Le changement physiologique de couleur se développe de novo chez les sangsues rhynchobdellid.
    Notes: Abstract An investigation of some factors which influence physiological colour changes in 16 species of freshwater and marine leeches, representing the four major families, was carried out. The emphasis was on the freshwater glossiphoniid Theromyzon tessulatum (O. F. Müller, 1774) and on the marine piscicolid Calliobdella carolinensis Sawyer & Chamberlain, 1972. The individual chromatophores were assessed using the Hogben & Slome (1931) chromatophore index. Light has a profound effect on colour change in some leeches. They darken in the light and lighten in the dark. Leeches do not adapt to background. Temperature plays only a minor role in the colour change process in leeches. Its effect may differ from species to species. The colour change response normally takes about 15–30 minutes or longer. A series of ligation and ventral nerve cord transection experiments, primarily on C. carolinensis, demonstrates that the nervous system is intimately involved in the colour change process in at least some leeches. Participation by the nervous system in the colour change response is probably via a neurohumoral mechanism. In the Hirudinea physiological colour change occurs only in certain species of the Piscicolidae and the Glossiphoniidae. Physiological colour change probably evolved de novo in the rhynchobdellid leeches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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