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  • Partial reinforcement extinction effect  (3)
  • AP5  (2)
  • Adynamic ileus  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of hippocampectomy and of fimbria section upon the partial reinforcement extinction effect in rats (1980)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 38 (1980), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Partial reinforcement extinction effect ; Hippocampectomy ; Fimbria ; Extinction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were trained to run in an alley for food reward given on every trial (continuous reinforcement, CR) or on a random 50% of trials (partial reinforcement, PR) and were then extinguished. Sham-operated controls showed the usual partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE), i.e., PR-trained animals were more resistant to extinction than CR-trained animals. The PREE was abolished by hippocampectomy, which increased resistance to extinction in CR-trained rats and decreased it in PR-trained rats. Bilateral fimbria section had no effect on resistance to extinction in either condition. These results are discussed in the light of theories of hippocampal function and the anatomy of septohippocampal connections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236646
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra-ventricular infusion of the NMDA antagonist AP5 impairs performance on a non-spatial operant DRL task in the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: AP5 ; NMDA antagonist ; Hippocampus ; DRL ; Memory ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were trained to lever press on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL-18 s) schedule. They were then allocated to four treatment groups. These were: hippocampal aspiration lesions [HIPP]; implantation of osmotic minipumps for intraventricular infusion of either (a) the NMDA receptor antagonist 30 mM D, L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid [AP5] or (b) vehicle [VEH]; and an unoperated control group [UNOP]. In subsequent DRL testing, the HIPP group showed a profound and enduring loss of efficiency, resulting from an increased tendency to respond too early; the AP5 group showed a qualitatively similar, but less severe, impairment followed by full recovery once the minipumps had expired; the VEH and UNOP groups both maintained their pre-operative levels of efficiency. We conclude that AP5 infusion disrupts temporary memory storage in the hippocampus, and that the hippocampus is concerned with the retention of memories outside the purely spatial domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279671
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of intrahippocampal ibotenate on resistance to extinction after continuous or partial reinforcement (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 519-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Subiculum ; Partial reinforcement extinction effect ; Partial reinforcement acquisition effect ; Entorhinal cortex ; botenate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracerebral injections of ibotenate were used to produce, in rats, extensive cell loss in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus (complete hippocampal, CH), in the CH plus subiculum (SUB + CH), or in the subiculum plus entorhinal cortex (SUB + EC). These rats and sham-operated controls were trained to run in a straight alley for food reward delivered on a continuous (CR) or partial (PR) reinforcement schedule. In controls PR training gave rise to the well-known partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE), i.e., greater resistance to extinction than that observed in CR-trained animals. Previous work had shown that large aspiration lesions of the hippocampal formation eliminate the PREE by increasing resistance to extinction in CR-trained animals and decreasing resistance to extinction in PR-trained animals. In the present experiments the PREE survived CH lesions, which increased resistance to extinction in both CR and PR training conditions; these effects were observed in the start and run (but not goal) sections of the alley. In contrast, subicular cell loss (in both SUB + CH and SUB + EC groups) abolished the PREE (but in the goal section only) by increasing resistance to extinction in the CR condition and decreasing resistance to extinction in the PR condition. In addition, some of the effects of PR training on start and run speeds during acquisition were altered by the CH and SUB + CH lesions. These results confirm previous data showing that the hippocampal formation plays a role in mediating the behavioural effects of PR training, but require modification of the model previously proposed to account for these data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237577
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The competitive NMDA antagonist AP5, but not the non-competitive antagonist MK801, induces a delay-related impairment in spatial working memory in rats (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 85 (1991), S. 349-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: AP5 ; MK801 ; NMDA antagonists ; Memory ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were trained to alternate responses on a discrete trial working memory task on a T-maze. In Experiment 1, the rats were then matched for choice accuracy and allocated to three treatment groups. These were: implantation of osmotic minipumps for intraventricular infusion of either (a) 15 mM D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) or (b) artificial cerebrospinal fluid (VEH); and an unoperated control group (UNOP). In Phase 1 we assessed alternation performance with a minimal delay between responses: the UNOP and VEH rats continued to choose accurately; the AP5 rats showed an impairment of choice accuracy, but recovered over days. In Phase 2 a 20-s delay between responses was enforced, and choice accuracy was assessed following injections either of saline or of Milacemide HC1 (10 mg/kg). There was now a severe and enduring impairment of choice accuracy in the AP5 group, but Milacemide injections did not affect performance in any of the treatment groups. In Experiment 2 rats were trained in a similar way, and then given intraperitoneal injections of MK801 or of physiological saline in a within-subjects design and tested for T-maze performance with a minimal or a 20-s delay between responses. In the first Phase, MK801 was given 10-min before behavioural testing commenced; in the second Phase, it was given 28–40 min before behavioural testing commenced. The outcome depended critically on the time between drug injection and testing. There was a significant drug-induced impairment of choice accuracy in both Phases; but in Phase 1 there was no impairment in testing with a minimal retention interval and an impairment with a 20-s retention interval. In Phase 2, the impairment was significant at both retention intervals. We conclude that AP5, but not MK801, interferes with temporary memory storage in a delay-dependent manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229412
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytotoxic lesions of the retrohippocampal region attenuate latent inhibition but spare the partial reinforcement extinction effect (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 115 (1997), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Entorhinal cortex ; Subiculum ; Retrohippocampus ; Latent inhibition ; Partial reinforcement extinction effect ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Experiment 1 assessed the effect of cytotoxic retrohippocampal (entorhinal and extra-subicular cortices) lesions on the development of latent inhibition (LI) using an off-the-baseline, between-subjects, conditioned emotional response paradigm. Sham-operated controls and unoperated rats that had been pre-exposed to a light stimulus prior to light-shock pairings showed less conditioned suppression towards the light stimulus than the nonpre-exposed animals, thus demonstrating LI. However, LI was not evident in rats with retrohippocampal lesions. In experiment 2, the same animals were trained to run in an straight runway for food. Half of the animals were trained under a 50% partial reinforcement schedule (i.e. they were rewarded randomly on half of the acquisition trials) and the other half were trained under a continuous reinforcement schedule (i.e. they were rewarded on every acquisition trial). When tested in extinction, animals trained on the partial reinforcement schedule showed greater persistence than animals trained on continuous reinforcement, thus demonstrating the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). Rats with retrohippocampal lesions showed a PREE that was at least as clear as that seen in the sham-operated controls and in the unoperated animals. It is concluded that cytotoxic lesions of the retrohippocampal region selectively led to an abolition of LI, but spared the PREE. The present study thus provided evidence against the hypothesis that LI and the PREE share a common neural substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005694
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equithesin without chloral hydrate as an anaesthetic for rats (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 124 (1996), S. 288-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Equithesin ; Anaesthesia ; Chloral hydrate ; Pentobarbitone ; Adynamic ileus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 1977 it was reported that chloral hydrate could cause adynamic ileus in rats, leading to morbidity and death. The symptoms were a swollen abdomen, lethargy and anorexia. However, chloral hydrate is still used as an anaesthetic, particularly in Equithesin mixture. We report that Equithesin without chloral hydrate is an effective anaesthetic, with a slightly reduced potency compared to Equithesin itself, and anaesthesia may be maintained for several hours by supplemental doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246672
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