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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration rates and ATP concentrations in the excised gills of the blue crab as a function of salinity
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology 52 (1975), S. 669-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0300-9629
    Keywords: ATP ; Callinectes sapidus ; Salinity ; gills ; respiration
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9629(75)80021-1
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration rates and ATP concentrations in the excised gills of the blue crab as a function of salinity
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology 52 (1975), S. 669-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0300-9629
    Keywords: ATP ; Callinectes sapidus ; Salinity ; gills ; respiration
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9629(75)80021-1
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of thermoreactive water-soluble poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide prepared by anionic and by group transfer polymerization (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 3019-3030 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: LCST ; thermoprecipitation ; poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide ; group transfer polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several batches of poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide were synthesized by anionic and by group transfer polymerization (GTP). A radical poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide prepared from the same monomer was also included in the comparison. According to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) both types of living polymerization resulted in narrow molecular weight distributions with Mw/Mn values below 1.5. Average molecular weights (Mn) between 888 and 4678 g/mol were calculated in these cases. The radical polymer had an average molecular weight (Mn) of approximately 130,000 g/mol. The dry anionic and GTP polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray diffraction spectrometry. Evidence for partial crystallinity in the solid state was found. The conformation of all polymers was examined by high resolution (600 MHz) NMR. According to these measurements, 75% of the —CHR— groups of the anionic poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide were located in an isotactic triade. The remaining 25% had heterotactic structure, while no indication for the presence of syndiotactic protons was found. Poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide prepared by GTP, on the other hand, had mainly syndiotactic structure. The aqueous solutions of the polymers showed phase separation upon heating. Whereas the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was approximately 30°C in the case of the poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide prepared by GTP and by radical polymerization, uncommonly high LCSTs of more than 40°C were observed for the anionic poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080321603
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide prepared by group transfer polymerization: Synthesis, characterization, and solution properties (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 803-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: group transfer polymerization ; poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide ; thermosensitive water-solubility ; MALDI-MS ; affinity precipitation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conditions for preparing poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide by group transfer polymerization (GTP) were investigated. While electrophiles did not catalyze the reaction, various nucleophilic substances could be used for that purpose. By using an appropriate initiator, either an ester or a carboxylic acid end group could be formed. The highest yields in the first case were obtained using tetrabutylammonium acetate and dimethylketene methyl trimethylsilyl acetal as catalyst and initiator, respectively, while the use of the corresponding bistrimethylsilyl compound as initiator gave polymers, albeit at lower yields, which carried the acidic end group. The 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and IR spectra of the polymers were taken and used together with information obtained with soft-ionization mass spectrometric methods (MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, and FD-MS) to elucidate molecule structure, apparent molecular weight distribution, polydispersity, and possible mechanisms of the termination reaction. The poly-N,N-diethylacrylamide prepared, showed an inverse temperature dependency in its water-solubility, with a lower critical solution temperature between 29.8°C and 30°C. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080320502
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasmaätzen dünner Schichten organischer Polymere. Teil III: Zum phänomenologischen Mechanismus des SchichtabtragsTeil II: Acta Polymerica 40 (1989) 726-731 (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 41 (1990), S. 569-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Two different hypotheses of the phenomenological process of etching of polymer films in a non isothermal oxygen plasma of a high frequency discharge are discussed: the successive etching on the surface and the formation of an etch-resistant surface layer with a shifting of the degradation processes in polymer bulk. This second model proposed by Valiev requires a complicated system of diffusion processes of plasma species and degradation products. Our findings are in contrast to those of Valiev, but it seems that the plasma modified surface layer plays a dominant role within the ablation process.
    Notes: Zwei unterschiedliche Vorstellungen zum Ablauf des Abtrags von Polymerschichten in einem nichtisothermen Sauerstoffplasma einer elektrischen Hochfrequenzentladung werden diskutiert: der successive Abbau an der Oberfläche und die plasmaphysikalische Verfestigung der Polymeroberfläche bei gleichzeitiger Verlagerung des Abbaus in des Polymervolumen. Das letztgenannte Modell von Valiev verlangt komplizierte Diffusionsprozesse von abbaufähigen Plasmaspezies und entsprechenden Abbauprodukten. Die hier durchgeführten Modellversuche sprechen in ihren Ergebnissen gegen das Modell von Valiey, wobei jedoch die plasmamodifizierte Polymeroberflächenschicht tatsächlich eine besondere Rolle beim Abbau der gesamten Polymerschicht spielt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1990.010411104
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasmaätzen dünner Schichten organischer Polymere. Teil IV. Poly(vinylalkohol)Teil III: siehe [7] (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 41 (1990), S. 574-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: At the investigation of oxygen plasma etching of poly(vinyl alcohol) some peculiarities have been found. Based on the etching kinetics, the formation of a thick, but not very stable „K-layer“ is assumed. The molecular structure of this modified layer may consist of some sections of conjugated double bonds within the polymer chain, graphitic and oxidized carbon, and crosslinked chains. From the unusual temperature dependence of the etching rate the existence of two competitive reactions is concluded. One reaction leads to degradation, the other to crosslinking of the macromolecules.
    Notes: Für das Ätzen von Poly(vinylalkohol) im Sauerstoffplasma wurden einige Besonderheiten festgestellt. Die Kinetik des Schichtabtrags läßt den Schluß zu, daß eine relativ dicke, aber wenig ätzresistente „K-Schicht“ im Verlauf des Plasmaätzens gebildet wird. Sie besteht möglicherweise zum Teil aus vernetzten Makromolekülen, konjugierten Doppelbindungen innerhalb der Polymerkette durch Dehydratisierung bzw. aus graphitischem und anoxidiertem Kohlenstoff. Aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Ätzgeschwindigkeit folgt die Annahme von zwei konkurrierenden Reaktionen, deren eine zum Schichtabbau, die andere dagegen zu weiterer Polymervernetzung führt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1990.010411105
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasmaätzen dünner Schichten organischer Polymere. Teil I. Undotierte Polymere (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 39 (1988), S. 376-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A planar electrode reactor for dry etching was constructed, and thin films of organic polymers were etched in oxygen plasma. The differences of etching rates measured for polymers of different structures are in agreement with literature data. The results of plasma etching strongly depend on experimental conditions.
    Notes: An einem selbstgebauten Plasmaplanarätzreaktor wurde das Trockenätzen von dünnen Schichten organischer Polymere im Sauerstoffplasma untersucht. Die gefundenen strukturbedingten Unterschiede in den Ätzraten der Polymere stimmen mit Literaturangaben überein. Die Resultate des Plasmaätzens hängen stark von den experimentellen Bedingungen ab.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1988.010390711
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasmaätzen dünner Schichten organischer Polymere. Teil VIII. Zum Plasmaätzen von Poly(vinylalkohol)Teil VII: siehe [28] (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 42 (1991), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Earlier hypotheses on particularities of oxygen plasma etching of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) are confirmed. Firstly, in difference to etching under O2-RIE conditions a decrease of the etching rate during polymer removal does not occur. Secondly, the activation energy of plasma etching of poly(vinyl butyral) in contrast to PVAL does not depend on the polymer degradation process. These experimental results together with literature data confirm the assumption of a relatively thick “K-layer” on the polymer surface in oxygen plasmas. Degradation processes take place in the bulk polymer below this “K-layers”. They are responsible for removal of the PVAL layers.
    Notes: Frühere Hypothesen über einige Besonderheiten des Ätzens von Poly(vinylalkohol) (PVAL) im Sauerstoffplasma wurden bestätigt. Erstens wird beim O2-RIE von Poly(vinylalkohol) im Unterschied zum Plasmaätzmodus kein Abfall der Ätzgeschwindigkeit mit steigendem Schichtabtrag beobachtet. Zweitens ist die Aktivierungsenergie beim Plasmaätzen von Poly(vinylbutyral) im Unterschied zum PVAL unabhängig vom Schichtabtrag. Diese experimentellen Ergebnisse sowie einige Literaturangaben bestätigen, daß sich auf PVAL-Schichten im Sauerstoffplasma eine dicke „K-Schicht“ bildet. Im Polymervolumen ablaufende Degradationsprozesse unter dieser „K-Schicht“ sind hauptsächlich für den Abbau dünner Schichten aus PVAL im Sauerstoffplasma verantwortlich.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1991.010420507
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasmaätzen dünner Schichten organischer Polymere. Teil IX: Temperaturabhängigkeiten der Ätzrate von Polymeren verschiedener Struktur (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 42 (1991), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The investigation of the temperature dependence of polymer etching rates in an oxygen plasma was extented to some more polymers. The complex nature of the etching process becomes obvious, because the temperature dependences are often nonlinear. Characteristic changes in the slope of the curves correspond only in some cases with the glass temperature of the polymers. Therefore these points can also be connected with the formation and etching of adsorption layers. Activation energies of partial processes were determined. Based on the temperature dependence, only some general conclusions on the plasma etching mechanism could be derived.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung von Temperaturabhängigkeiten der Plasmaätzrate von Polymeren im Sauerstoffplasma wurde auf weitere Polymere ausgedehnt. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Plasmaätzrate ist teilweise sehr unterschiedlich, was auf einen sehr komplexen Mechanismus des Ätzprozesses hindeutet. Charakteristische Knickpunkte in den Kurven konnten nur in einigen Fällen mit der Glastemperatur des Polymers in Verbindung gebracht werden. Möglicherweise werden diese Knickpunkte auch durch Abtrag und Bildung von Adsorptionsschichten hervorgerufen. Aktivierungsenergien von Teilprozessen wurden bestimmt. Aus den Temperaturabhängigkeiten allein ließen sich nur allgemeine Schlußfolgerungen über den Mechanismus des Plasmaätzens der einzelnen Polymere ableiten.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1991.010420613
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasmaäutzen düunner Schichten organischer Polymere. Teil II. Einflüusse der ProzeßparameterTeil I: siehe [9] (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 40 (1989), S. 726-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The dependence of the etching rate of thin layers of polymers, namely, poly(methyl methacrylate), novolak, and poly(vinyl alcohol), in an oxygen plasma on the parameters temperature, pressure, gas composition, power of electric discharge, and bias-voltage, respectively, was studied. The complex character of the influence of the process parameters changes especially at small gas pressure due to the transition from the plasma etch mode to the reactive ion etching mode (RIE). Several activation energies were obtained from the temperature dependence the cause of which is discussed.
    Notes: Die Abhängigkeit der Ätzgeschwindigkeit dünner Polymerischichten im Sauerstoffplasma von den Parametern Temperatur, Druck, Gaszusammensetzung, Leistung und Gleichspannung wird für die Polymere Poly(methylmethacrylat), Novolak und Poly(vinylalkohol) untersucht. Der komplexe Charakter des Parametereinflusses ändert sich besonders bei kleinen Gasdrücken infolge des Übergangs vom Plasmaätzen zum reaktiven Ionenätzen (RIE). Aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit resultieren mehrere Aktivierungsenergien, deren Ursache diskutiert wird.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1989.010401204
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