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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cocaine, chlordiazepoxide, and chlorpromazine on responding of squirrel monkeys under second-order schedules of IM cocaine injection or food presentation (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 164-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Chlorpromazine ; Drug self-administration ; Drugs and schedule-controlled behavior ; Drug effects on behaviors maintained by different reinforcing events
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lever pressing by squirrel monkeys was maintained under second-order schedules of either food presentation or IM cocaine injection. Under one second-order schedule, every tenth response produced a brief (1-s) visual stimulus and the first brief stimulus presented after 30 min had elapsed was followed either by ten 300 mg food pellets or by a 3.0 mg IM injection of cocaine. Under another second-order schedule, the first response after 3 min produced the brief stimulus and the tenth brief stimulus was followed either by food or by cocaine. The two types of second-order schedules generated distinctly different patterns of responding. Furthermore, the temporal distribution of responding maintained by food presentation or cocaine injection sometimes differed slightly under the same schedule. Food presentation or cocaine injection occurred only at the end of each daily session, thereby allowing assessment of the effects of presession administration of cocaine, chlorpromazine (CPZ), and chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on responding at times when the direct effects of consequent cocaine injections were minimal or absent. Presession treatment with suitable doses of cocaine increased low rates of food- or cocaine-maintained responding under both types of second-order schedules, whereas CPZ only decreased responding. CDP increased responding in some monkeys, whereas in other monkeys it had little or no effect. Individual differences in the effects of CDP were not related to the schedule of reinforcement, the maintaining event, or the control rate of responding. Thus, the behavioral effects of cocaine, CDP, and CPZ were largely independent of whether responding was maintained by food or by cocaine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429013
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of quinpirole and SKF 38393 alone and in combination in squirrel monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 107 (1992), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Quinpirole ; SKF 38393 ; D1 agonist ; D2 agonist ; Drug interactions ; Route of administration ; Discriminative-stimulus effects ; Behavior ; Squirrel monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was designed to assess the behavioral similarity of the effects of prototype dopamine receptor-subtype selective agonists and cocaine. Squirrel monkeys (N=4) were trained with food reinforcement to press one of two levers after administration of IV cocaine (0.3 mg/kg) or the other lever after saline. After training, IV cocaine produced reliable responding on the cocaine lever (〉98%), whereas saline produced reliable responding on the alternate lever (〉98%). The D2 agonist, quinpirole (0.003–1.0 mg/kg, IM), produced dose-related increases in cocaine-appropriate responding, with maximal effects of 62%. When delivered IV, quinpirole (0.01–0.17 mg/kg) was approximately twice as potent, but no more effective. The D1 agonist, SKF 38393 (0.3–30.0 mg/kg, IM or 3.0–17.0 mg/kg, IV) failed to produce any significant cocaine-appropriate responding. Further, pretreatment with SKF 38393 (either 0.3 or 10.0 mg/kg, IM) did not significantly alter the the quinpirole (0.01–1.0 mg/kg, IM) dose-effect curve. The effects of these drugs differ from those previously reported in rats, suggesting a species difference that may be of importance in evaluating the behavioral pharmacology of cocaine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245140
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3’- and 4’-chloro-substituted analogs of benztropine: intravenous self-administration and in vitro radioligand binding studies in rhesus monkeys (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 147 (2000), S. 426-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Drug abuse ; Stimulant ; Cocaine ; Dopamine ; Monoamine transport ; Self-administration ; Rhesus monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: The reinforcing effects of many psychomotor stimulants have been related to increased dopaminergic neurotransmission. Drugs that block dopamine (DA) uptake have generally been found to function as positive reinforcers. Benztropine (BZT) and several of its halogenated analogs have previously been characterized as potent DA-uptake inhibitors with behavioral profiles that indicate diminished psychomotor stimulant effects relative to cocaine. Objectives: The present experiments were designed to examine, in rhesus monkeys, the reinforcing effects of the DA-uptake inhibitor BZT and two chloro-analogs 3’-C1-BZT and 4’-Cl-BZT, and to compare self-administration and binding profiles. Methods: Four rhesus monkeys self-administered cocaine i.v. under a fixed-ratio 10 (FR10) schedule until stable responding was established. Saline, and various doses of cocaine, BZT, and the BZT analogs were then made available for self-administration. Binding of these compounds to monoaminergic and cholinergic sites in monkey brain were determined using standard radioligand binding techniques. Results: Self-administration was maintained by both 3’-C1-BZT and 4’-Cl-BZT, but not by BZT. Results suggested that 3’-C1-BZT and 4’-Cl-BZT were weak positive reinforcers. BZT and analogs bound DA transporters (DAT) with affinities higher than that of cocaine and had affinity for muscarinic binding sites. Conclusions: Surprisingly, high affinity at DATs was associated with weak or no reinforcing effects. The mechanism(s) that may underlie this dissociation between DAT actions and reinforcing effects remains to be established. These data support the proposal that a lead for the discovery of a pharmacotherapeutic agent for cocaine abuse may come from this group of compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050012
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discriminative stimulus effects of inhaled cocaine in squirrel monkeys (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 105 (1991), S. 317-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Inhalation ; Route of administration ; Discriminative-stimulus effects ; Behavior ; Squirrel monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Squirrel monkeys (N=4) were trained with food reinforcement to press one of two levers after administration of IV cocaine (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) or the other lever after saline. After training, IV cocaine (0.03–3.0 mg/kg) produced dose-related increases in the percentage of responses on the cocaine lever (ED50=0.15 mg/kg). Cocaine delivered IM also produced dose-related increases in cocaine-appropriate responding (ED50=0.32 mg/kg), but was approximately half as potent as IV cocaine. Similar relative potency relations were obtained for decreases in response rates produced by cocaine. Prior to some sessions subjects were placed in a Plexiglas® chamber and exposed for 60 s to cocaine vapor created with an ultrasonic nebulizer. Exposure to vapor from cocaine solutions (1.0–30.0 mg/ml) produced concentration-dependent increases in cocaine-appropriate responding and decreases in response rates. Exposure to vapor from a 30 mg/ml concentration produced virtually exclusive cocaine-appropriate responding. Concentration-effect curves for inhaled cocaine were similar to dose-effect curves obtained when cocaine was administered by the other routes. The time course of the minimally effective concentration of inhaled cocaine was compared to that of the minimally effective doses of systemically administered cocaine. Inhaled cocaine had a duration of action longer than IV cocaine. The results indicate that inhaled cocaine vapor has effects qualitatively similar to those of IV cocaine, and may have a duration of action longer than that of an IV cocaine dose producing a similar degree of drug-appropriate responding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244424
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Ausbreitung hochmolekularer Substanzen zu sehr dünnen Schichten auf einer Wasseroberfläche und ihr Wert als Untersuchungsmethode für Form und Größe von Molekül und Micelle. I. Anwendung der Methode bei Polysacchariden (1929)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 472 (1929), S. 241-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.19294720112
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Untersuchung von Form und Größe der Moleküle bei hochmolekularen Substanzen durch Ausbreiten zu monomolekular dicken Schichten auf einer Wasseroberfläche. II. Vergleich von Polysacchariden mit „abgebauten“ Polysacchariden (1929)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 474 (1929), S. 296-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.19294740107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reflection scanning acoustic microscope for bone and bone-biomaterials interface studies (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 6 (1988), S. 770-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Scanning acoustic microscopy ; Acoustic impedance mapping ; Bone-implant interface ; Bone micromechanics ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A relatively simple scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) that operates in the reflection mode has been constructed. The system uses a 20 MHz spherically focused transducer, acting both as transmitter and as detector, to obtain acoustic impedance information on a thin surface layer at a maximum resolution of approximately 100 μm. The specimen is mounted on an X-Y driving system (precision, 5 μm) under computer control in order to scan a grid of 256 × 256 points across areas ranging from 6.5 to 1300 mm2. An algorithm is used to reference the data against standards; specially developed software provides for pseudo-color mapping, three-dimensional images, zooming to 16X magnification, contouring, and single line profiles of the data. The system has been used to determine inhomogeneities in surface acoustic properties of mineralized tissues and implant materials, in many cases as a complement to using ultrasonic wave propagation techniques to measure the bulk anisotropic properties.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100060521
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