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  • Acute and chronic treatments  (3)
  • Calcium  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Imipramine ; Fluoxetine ; 5-HT reuptake inhibitors ; Flight ; Antipredator defense ; Fear ; Anxiety ; Panic ; Predator assessment ; Acute and chronic treatments ; Swiss-Webster mouse
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The Mouse Defense Test Battery (MDTB) has been designed to assess defensive reactions in Swiss-Webster mice to situations associated with a natural predator, the rat. Primary measures taken before, during and after predator confrontation comprise escape attempts, predator assessment, defensive attack and flight. Previous reports from this laboratory have shown that the panic-promoting drug yohimbine potentiated flight behavior, while long-term treatment with the panicolytic agent alprazolam reduced this response. In order to evaluate further the possibility that the MDTB may represent an effective animal model of panic attacks, the present study investigated the behavioral effect of imipramine and fluoxetine, two serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) known to alleviate panic symptoms when given on a repeated basis. Both drugs were administered acutely and chronically (one daily IP injection for 21 days) at 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg. Our results showed that a single dose of imipramine or fluoxetine strongly potentiated flight reactions in response to an approaching predator and increased defensive attack toward the rat. This was in contrast to chronic treatment with each drug which dramatically decreased flight responses and defensive attack behaviors. In addition, long-term administration with both SRIs produced a reliable attenuation of predator assessment activities. Taken together, these findings suggest an acute anxiogenic-like effect of imipramine and fluoxetine followed by a fear/anxiety reducing effect after repeated administrations. These results support clinical observations revealing an acute anxiogenic effect of SRIs followed by an anxiolytic and/or panicolytic effect after chronic use, and support previous results suggesting that the MDTB may be useful for the investigation of panic-modulating agents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Befloxatone ; Moclobemide ; Reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors ; Defensive behaviours ; Flight ; Risk assessment ; Panic ; Anxiety ; Acute and chronic treatments ; Swiss mouse
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The present study compared the behavioural effects of acute and chronic (one daily IP injection for 14 days) treatments with the reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitors (RIMAs) moclobemide (3 and 10 mg/kg) and befloxatone (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) in the Mouse Defence Test Battery (MDTB) which has been designed for screening anxiolytic and anti-panic drugs. In the MDTB, Swiss mice were confronted with a natural threat (a rat) and situations associated with this threat. Primary measures taken before, during and after rat confrontation were escape attempts, flight, risk assessment (RA) and defensive threat and attack. After acute administration of both compounds, no modification of defensive behaviours were observed. This was in contrast to chronic treatments, where moclobemide (3 and 10 mg/kg) and befloxatone (1 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in one flight measure (avoidance distance when the rat was approaching). In addition, befloxatone (0.3 and 1 mg/kg), but not moclobemide, increased RA responses when mice were constrained in one part of the apparatus facing the rat, which remained at a constant distance. No other drug effects were observed with either compound. Although these behavioural profiles are consistent with an anxiolytic-like effect, the finding of an action upon a limited number of defence responses suggests a weaker anxiolytic-like potential compared to that of classical anxiolytics. However, in view of previous data with panic-modulating compounds on flight behaviours in the MDTB, the present results are in line with clinical results showing that moclobemide is effective in panic disorders and suggest that befloxatone may have some efficacy in the clinical management of panic.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Cianopramine ; Citalopram ; 5-HT reuptake inhibitors ; Light/dark choice procedure ; Elevated plus-maze test ; Anxiety ; Neophobia ; Acute and chronic treatments
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This study investigated behavioural effects of very potent 5-HT reuptake inhibitors after acute treatment (cianopramine and citalopram), as well as after chronic treatment (cianopramine), in two behavioural models of anxiety: 1) the light/dark choice procedure in mice and 2) the elevated plus-maze test in rats. In addition, the responses of mice to novelty in a free exploration paradigm were assessed after acute administration of both drugs. A single injection of cianopramine or citalopram increased neophobic reactions in the free exploration test. Furthermore, these drugs increased the avoidance reaction to a brightly illuminated chamber in the light/dark choice procedure as well as to open arms in the elevated plus-maze test. In contrast, after chronic treatment (10 mg/kg IP, once daily for 21 days) of cianopramine, anxiogenic-like effects were no longer produced in the light/dark choice paradigm whereas in the elevated plus-maze test, anxiolytic-like effects appeared. These results shed more light on the 5-HT hypothesis of anxiety, insofar as the increased availability of 5-HT resulting here from reuptake inhibition seems to initially result in an increased emotional reactivity which, however, subsequently disappears during chronic treatment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 330 (1971), S. 74-89 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Vascular Smooth Muscle ; Mechanisms of Activation ; Noradrenaline ; Potassium-Induced Depolarization ; Calcium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Contraction of helical strips of the rat aorta was induced by 3 μg/ml of noradrenaline or by potassium-rich solution (80–120 mM K). The resulting amplitudes of contraction were maximal for these respective ways of activation and showed almost the same value in this preparation. 2. The noradrenaline-induced tension, but not the contraction induced by depolarization, decreased, when the hydrogen ion concentration of the bath solution was increased. Furthermore, the response to noradrenaline was more sensitive to a blockade of the adrenergic alpha-receptors or a variation of the bath temperature. 3. Since, after the application of papaverine, the amplitudes of contraction produced by noradrenaline or depolarization were diminished to the same degree, papaverine probably acts on the later steps of the activation-contraction mechanism. 4. When verapamil (iproveratril) was applied in order to inhibit excitationcontraction coupling, tension development after depolarization was influenced to a higher degree than noradrenaline-induced contraction. 5. The fact that it is possible to inhibit the response to depolarization without substantial influence on the response to noradrenaline andvice versa led to the conclusion that in the rat aorta depolarization on the one hand and noradrenaline on the other hand act via different mechanisms of activation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Vascular Smooth Muscle ; Norepinephrine ; Potassium-Depolarization ; Temperature ; Calcium ; Gefäßmuskelkontraktion ; Noradrenalin ; Kalium-Depolarisation ; Temperatur ; Calcium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung An isolierten Spiralstreifen der Rattenaorta wurde der Einfluß der Badtemperatur auf die passive Ruhespannung und die maximale, durch Noradrenalin (=NA) bzw. Kalium (=K) induzierte Kontraktionsamplitude untersucht. 1. Zwischen 37°C und 15°C verminderte eine Abkühlung den Basaltonus reversibel um jeweils 20 dyn/°C (Abb.1a-d und 4a). 2. Die adrenerg ausgelöste Kontraktionsamplitude besaß ein Optimum um 37°C, war unter 33,5°C linear zur Temperatur korreliert und bei 15°C nahezu aufgehoben (Abb.3a). In Ca-armer Lösung (1,1 statt 2,4 mM/l) zeigte sich ein signifikant stärkerer Temperatureinfluß (Tab.1). 3. Bei 37°C betrug die zur maximalen adrenergen Aktivierung erforderliche NA-Konzentration 2,4·10−6 g/ml. Sie sank zwischen 37°C und 25°C exponentiell um mehr als eine Zehnerpotenz. 4. Die durch 136 mM/l K erzeugte Spannung zeigte nur eine geringe Temperaturabhängigkeit (Abb.4b). Eine Senkung der Ca-Konzentration blieb dabei ohne signifikanten Einfluß (Tab.1). 5. Bei einem Temperatursprung von 20°C auf 30°C ergab sich für die adrenerge Aktivierung ein Q10 von 2,8 und für die Depolarisation einQ 10 von 1,23. Dieser Befund spricht in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen für eine unterschiedliche Aktivierung der kontraktilen Elemente.
    Notizen: Summary In isolated helical strips of rat aorta, the influence of a variation of bath-temperature on the passive tension as well as on the force of contraction, induced by norepinephrine (=NE) or potassium-depolarization respectively, was investigated. 1. Within the range of 37°C and 15°C the passive tension was diminished reversibly by cooling to an extend of 20 dyne/°C (Fig.1a-d, 4a). 2. The NE-induced contraction reached its highest value at 37°C. Between 33.5°C and 15°C the existence of a linear function between temperature and force of contraction could be shown. The contraction was almost abolished at 15°C (Fig.3a). Changing the calcium content of the bath-fluid from 2.4 to 1.1 mM, the slope of the linear regression curve increased significantly (Table 1). 3. At 37°C the concentration of NE, necessary for the maximum force of contraction, was 2.4×10−6 g/ml. The peak of the dose-response-curve shifted to lower NE-concentration by cooling the bath-fluid (Fig.2). From 37°C to 25°C there was an exponential function between temperature and that NE-concentration which induced the highest degree of contraction (Fig.3b); e.g., lowering the temperature by each 3.14°C, this maximum effective NE-concentration was halved. 4. Increasing the potassium concentration to 136 mM, the dependence on temperature of the force of contraction became smaller than after activation by NE (Fig.4b). The influence of a reduction of the calcium concentration was negligible in these experiments (Table 1). 5. Changing the temperature from 20°C to 30°C, there was aQ 10 value of 2.8 for the NE-induced contraction and of 1.23 for the activation by depolarization. 6. According to earlier results, the activation of the vascular smooth muscle by depolarization on the one hand and NE on the other hand is discussed on the basis of suggesting different mechanisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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