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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yohimbine facilitated acoustic startle in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 466-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Yohimbine ; Noradrenergic ; Anxiety PTSD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is a useful model to investigate the neurochemical basis of anxiety and fear states. This work has revealed that the anxiogenic alpha-2 receptor antagonist, yohimbine, increases the amplitude of the ASR in laboratory animals and in healthy human controls. Because of the growing body of data that support the hypothesis that severe stress results in substantial alterations in noradrenergic neuronal reactivity, the present investigation evaluated the effects of yohimbine on the ASR of 18 patients with PTSD and 11 healthy combat controls. Subjects received IV yohimbine (0.4 mg/kg) or saline placebo on 2 separate days in a randomized double blind placebo control design. A trial of two tone frequencies with varied intensity (90, 96, 102, 108, 114 dB) white noise and instantaneous rise time, was delivered binaurally through headphones. Tones were delivered every 25–60 s, for a 40-ms duration. Startle testing was performed 80 min post-infusion and lasted 15–20 min. Yohimbine significantly increased the amplitude, magnitude and probability of the ASR in combat veterans with PTSD, but did not do so in combat controls. Overall startle was significantly larger in the PTSD subjects; however, this did not account for the differential effect of yohimbine, since yohimbine had no significant effect in the control group. This study demonstrates an excitatory effect of yohimbine on the amplitude, magnitude and probability of the ASR in PTSD patients that is not seen in combat controls. In the context of the key role of this reflex in the alarm response, this finding adds to the array of documented behavioral, biochemical and cardiovascular effects of yohimbine in humans which support the relationship between increased noradrenergic function and exaggerated startle symptomatology of PTSD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246220
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wetting and adsorption on organophilic illites and swelling montmorillonites in methanol-benzene mixtures (1988)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 82-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Adsorption ; immersionalwetting ; binary liquidmixtures ; clay minerals ; swelling ; disaggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption and immersion were studied simultaneously in methanol-benzene mixtures on non-swelling organophilic illites and swelling organophilic montmorillonites. From the combination of adsroption and calorimetric data, equations were proposed for the determination of the adsorption capacity and the molar enthalpies of wetting differences, if the adsorption layer behaved ideally. From the experimental enthalpy isotherms of wetting and the enthalpy functions related to the ideal behaviour of the layer, qualitative conclusions were drawn on the excess enthalpy of the adsorpition layer. It was again established that the adsorption layer composed of alkyl chains, benzene and methanol has a regular cluster structure in certain concentration ranges, which breaks at higher methanol concentrations. This change is reflected by a significant endothermic peak of the differential molar enthalpy. For the organophilic montmorillonites, the enthalpy of swelling was determined separately as a function of the composition. The non-swelling organophilic illites were chosen as a reference system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01451536
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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