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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of alcohol on male sexual responding (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 47 (1976), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sexual behavior ; Alcohol ; Instructional control ; Erotic stimuli ; Mercury strain gauge ; Adult human males
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen adult males participated in a repeated measures design in which they served as their own control to determine the effects of various amounts of alcohol on: (1) their sexual arousal elicited by erotic motion-pictures, as measured by a penile transducer, (2) the ability to voluntarily inhibit their arousal to those same films in accordance with instructions, and (3) the ability to become voluntarily aroused in the absence of overt stimuli. The ingestion of a low (0.5 or 0.6 ml/kg) or a moderate (1.0 or 1.2 ml/kg) amount of alcohol resulted in a small, but significant, depression of mean sexual arousal, but other measures were not affected. However, the ingestion of a high (1.5 or 1.8 ml/kg) amount of alcohol resulted in every measure of evoked arousal being depressed by a comparatively large degree. The high level of alcohol also affected a very large decrease in sexual arousal when subjects were instructed to become sexually aroused in the absence of overt erotic stimuli. In contrast, none of the three amounts of alcohol caused a significant impairment in the ability of subjects to voluntarily inhibit their sexual arousal, even though most subjects experienced some deterioration in that ability after ingesting a moderate amount of alcohol. The actions of alcohol on sexual responses were not significantly correlated with its effects on a nonsexual matching task, were not related to subjective reports of how alcohol usually affects sexual behavior, and were generally not related to reported drinking history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00735810
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose utilization, pH reduction and density dependent inhibition in cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 85 (1975), S. 635-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The multiplication rate of sparse cultures of chick embryo cells is only slightly lower at pH 6.9 than at pH 7.4. There is, however, a marked reduction in the multiplication rate of the pH 6.9 cultures before they reach confluency. Cultures at pH 7.4 continue to multiply beyond confluency with only a slight decrease in the multiplication rate.Eighty to ninety percent of the glucose taken up by the cells growing at each pH is converted to lactic acid which is released into the medium. Metabolic reduction in pH of the medium is almost entirely accounted for by the amount of lactic acid produced by the cells. Neither the intracellular nor extracellular accumulation of lactic acid nor the accompanying reduction in pH is sufficient to explain density dependent inhibition of the rate of multiplication of chick cells.The rate of lactic acid production and the multiplication rate of chick cells are independent of glucose concentration in the range of 2-16 mM. In view of the kinetic parameters for the uptake of glucose, this shows that glycolysis is not limited by the rate of glucose uptake and that depletion of glucose from the medium cannot account for the onset of density dependent inhibition of multiplication. However, when cells reach very high population densities, conventional glucose concentrations of 5 mM can be depleted overnight by chick cells. Since the multiplication rate of cells is dependent on glucose concentration when it falls below 2 mM, depletion of glucose may cause some growth inhibition in crowded cultures supplied with conventional medium.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040850316
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible alterations in the mitotic cycle of chick embryo cells in various states of growth regulation (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 85 (1975), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chick embryo cells which have been kept overnight at pH 6.8 in the absence of serum multiply very slowly. Only a small fraction of cells is in the S period at any given time, and the rate of uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose is very low. Upon raising the pH to 7.4 and adding serum (“turn-on”) the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose increases immediately; the rate of DNA synthesis increases after a lag of about 4 hours, and represents an increase in the fraction of cells synthesizing DNA. The uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose is rapidly returned to its original low rate at any time by again lowering the pH and removing serum (“turn-off”). The synthesis of DNA in the culture remains constant or continues to rise at a markedly reduced rate following the same treatment. Lowering pH or removing serum independently of each other is less efficient at inhibiting the increase in DNA synthesis than the combined treatment but each accomplishes a similar result. Cultures which have been “turnedoff” during the early stages of the rapid increase in DNA synthesis, resume their prior rate of increase immediately if “turned-on” again within 2.5 hours. If the cultures have been “turned-off” for 5.5 hours before restoring the “turn-on,” there is a 2 hour delay before they resume an increased rate of DNA synthesis. The results indicate that chick embryo cells do not become committed to the initiation of DNA synthesis until shortly before, or at the time of the onset of the S period.Up to 96% of the cells in post-confluent cultures growing in conventional medium become labeled upon continuous, prolonged exposure to 3H-thymidine. Seventy-eight percent of the cells in serum-deprived cultures growing at a very low rate become labeled. These and other considerations suggest that the inhibition of cell multiplication by high population density or serum deprivation is caused by a lengthening of the time cells remain in the prereplicative G1 period rather than by shifting cells into a qualitatively distinct G0 period. There may, however, be a period common to all cells regardless of growth rate, in which cells are not progressing toward the S period. The length of this variable period would then determine the growth rate of a population of cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040850213
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early cellular responses to diverse growth stimuli independent of protein and RNA synthesis (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 86 (1975), S. 47-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serum, elevated pH, excess Zn++, 9,10 dimethyl-1,2 dibenzanthracene (DMBA) and insulin accelerate the progress of growth-inhibited chick embryo cells into the S-period of DNA synthesis. A comparative study was made of their capacity to elicit other cellular responses within two hours after their application. All the agents studied stimulated the uptake of the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dGlc). Elevated pH elicited a more striking increase than the other agents in the uptake of the amino acid analogue α-amino isobutyric acid (AIB). The application of subtoxic concentrations of Zn++ or DMBA did not stimulate the uptake of uridine by cells nor its incorporation into RNA when tested at 2 hours. However, it was found that the stimulation of uridine utilization did occur but was delayed several hours. Similarly, the accelerated onset of DNA synthesis was also delayed for several hours by these agents. Insulin acted like serum in stimulating the utilization of 2-dGlc, AIB and uridine. Serum and DMBA were particularly effective in stimulating the utilization of choline. It was concluded that the utilization of 2-dGlc, uridine and thymidine are affected similarly by all the agents, but that there may be differential effects in the utilization of AIB and choline.The inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D did not prevent the relative stimulation of 2-dGlc, AIB and choline utilization by serum and pH treatment. The inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not prevent the relative stimulation of 2-dGlc and choline utilization by serum and pH treatment. It partially blocked the increased uptake of AIB and had erratic effects on the utilization of uridine. It was concluded that neither RNA nor protein synthesis is required for some, if not all, the early responses to growth stimuli measured here. The inhibited cell appears to be a poised system which carries out a programmed array of reactions characteristic of the cell type following perturbation by a variety of unrelated agents. In vivo specificity is provided by the physiological reagents available (i.e., hormones) and their capacity to interact with different cell types.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040860107
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of lactic acid production in chick embryo fibroblasts by serum and high pH in the absence of external glucose (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 86 (1975), S. 453-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lactic acid production by chick embryo fibroblasts occurs in the absence of exogenous glucose. Fifteen to 50-fold less lactic acid is formed in the absence of glucose than in its presence. Nevertheless, serum and pH stimulation enhances this residual lactic acid production to the same relative extent as when glucose is present. The amount of lactic acid formed cannot be accounted for by the catabolism of residual glucose in the medium since its concentration is less than one-tenth that of the lactic acid eventually produced. Moreover, the residual glucose concentration remains constant or increases during the course of the experiment. To a large extent lactic acid accumulation in the absence of external glucose is dependent on the presence of amino acids in the medium, but amino acid transport is not affected by the stimulatory agents used in this study. The results suggest that treatments which stimulate cell multiplication also activate those enzymatic pathways which convert amino acids to pyruvic and thence to lactic acid.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040860303
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antagonistic effects of insulin and cortisol on coordinate control of metabolism and growth in cultured fibroblasts (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 91 (1977), S. 249-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A variety of metabolic and biosynthetic pathways in chick embryo fibroblasts are stimulated coordinately by many unrelated exogenous agents. Three of the best characterized components of this coordinate response are the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dGlc) and of uridine and the incorporation of thymidine into DNA. Insulin stimulates and cortisol inhibits the coordinate response. In cortisol-treated cultures, as little as 10-3 units/ml of insulin may stimulate thymidine incorporation 4-fold and 10-1 units/ml may stimulate as much as 40-fold. The higher concentrations of insulin completely override the inhibitory effect of cortisol. They also cause about a 5-fold stimulation of the uptake of 2-dGlc and of uridine and a 2-fold stimulation of proline incorporation into protein. The uptake rates of 2-dGlc and uridine double within 30 minutes after addition of insulin to cortisol-inhibited cultures, but the incorporation of thymidine only begins to increase markedly after a 4-hour delay. When cortisol is added to cultures in the absence of insulin, the rates of uptake of 2-dGlc and uridine begin to decrease within two hours, but the incorporation of thymidine remains constant for two hours before beginning to decrease. Deprivation of Mg2+ inhibits the accelerated coordinate response maintained by insulin, but does not further the inhibition induced by cortisol. Results with metabolic inhibitors indicate that the stimulation of 2-dGlc and uridine uptake by insulin do not require RNA synthesis, and also suggest that they do not require protein synthesis. These and other findings can be explained by a model for coordinate control in which insulin increases and cortisol decreases the availability of Mg2+ for a wide spectrum of regulatory reactions in different metabolic pathways. In this model both hormones affect only the rates of ongoing reactions and do not instruct the cell to carry out specific new reactions unless the cell was predetermined to do so.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040910210
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity of the requirements for magnesium and calcium in the growth and metabolism of chick embryo fibroblastsAbbreviations: EGTA, ethylene glycol-bis (β-amino-ethyl ether) N,N′-tetraacetic acid; CEF, chick embryo fibroblasts; 2-dGlc, 2-deoxy-D-glucose. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 91 (1977), S. 449-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of entry of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) into the S-period of the cell cycle is reduced by lowering the external supply of Mg2+ below 0.2 mM. This slowdown, which is measured by the rate of incorporation of 3H thymidine into DNA, can be largely reversed by doubling or tripling the concentration of Ca2+ in the medium, normally 1.7 mM. The Ca2+-induced stimulation is shown not to depend on contaminating traces of Mg2+ in the added Ca2+. The increase in cell number in the Ca2+-stimulated cultures is delayed, possibly due to cell detachment. The effect of Ca2+ on thymidine incorporation can be simulated almost quantitatively by Sr2+. Ba2+ does not produce the effect, nor do any of the other cations tested. As little as 0.2 mM Mg2+ produces a full stimulation of thymidine incorporation in the absence of added Ca2+, and no substitute was found that is effective in the same concentration range. In short term experiments, i.e., 16 hours, even 5.0 mM Ca2+ cannot stimulate thymidine incorporation to the extent achieved with 0.2 mM Mg2+. Large amounts of Ca2+ or Sr2+ can accelerate the uptake of 2-dGlc in Mg2+-deprived cultures, but they are much less efficient than Mg2+ in this regard also. It is suggested that Mg2+ is the direct intracellular effector in controlling the diverse reactions of the coordinate response, and that Ca2+ and Sr2+ act indirectly by making Mg2+ available to participate in these reactions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040910315
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of Mg2+ as an intracellular regulator of uridine uptake (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 108 (1981), S. 317-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of uptake of the nucleoside uridine increases within minutes after adding a growth stimulus to quiescent 3T3 cells. We have previously shown this uptake rate to be highly sensitive to changes in the intracellular concentration of Mg2+. In the present paper, the alteration of uptake by Mg2+ is shown to occur at the phosphorylation step  -  the same point at which serum acts to modulate uridine uptake. The serum stimulation of uridine uptake can be mimicked by Mg2+ alone or blocked by partially depleting cells of their Mg2+. Work with cell-free extracts shows that the uridine kinase enzyme responds to Mg2+ in a manner similar to that exhibited by whole cells whose concentrations of Mg2+ have been raised. In addition, the enzyme's inhibition by ATP is relieved by raising the Mg2+ concentration. Thymidine uptake, a reaction which does not respond quickly to mitogenic stimulation, is unaffected by alterations in Mg2+ concentration. These results are discussed in terms of a possible role for Mg2+ as an intracellular regulator of uridine uptake and other reactions of the coordinate response of cells to external effectors.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041080305
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of DNA synthesis and 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport in chick embryo cultures by excessive metal concentrations and by a carcinogenic hydrocarbon (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 81 (1973), S. 387-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chick embryo cultures deprived of serum synthesize DNA at a reduced rate. DNA synthesis in serum-deprived cultures is stimulated as much as ten-fold by the addition of Zn++, Mn++ or Cd++ in concentrations just below the toxic level. These metals, in the same concentration range, also stimulate the uptake of 3H-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DOG). The increase in uptake of 2-DOG precedes the increase in synthesis of DNA, and is probably an indicator of a more general membrane perturbation. The metals also stimulate DNA synthesis in serum-containing, density-inhibited cultures. The carcinogenic hydrocarbon 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene stimulates DNA synthesis and 2-DOG uptake in serum-deprived cultures at those concentrations which also cause morphological changes in the culture. Other carcinogenic hydrocarbons, which produce no morphological changes in the culture do not stimulate DNA synthesis. In contrast to these non-specific effects, DNA synthesis which is inhibited by low concentrations of either ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) or diethylene triamine pentaacetate (DTPA) is stimulated specifically by Zn++. These findings are interpreted to mean that certain metals and carcinogens, like a variety of other agents, interact non-specifically with the plasma membrane to initiate a chain of events leading to DNA synthesis, and that one of these events is the liberation of Zn++ for enzyme reactions leading to DNA synthesis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040810311
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ph, serum and Zn++ in the regulation of DNA synthesis in cultures of chick embryo cells (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 82 (1973), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Variations in pH, serum concentration and the availability of Zn++ in the medium markedly influence the initiation of DNA synthesis in cultured chick embryo cells. This report considers the interplay of these factors with one another and with other factors such as type of medium, cell population density and the malignaut transformation in an attempt to better define the variables of the growth control system. Conditioned medium seems to protect the cells against the inhibitory effects of lowered pH. Increased serum concentration has a similar, but more striking effect. Increased serum concentration and pH, as well as decreased population density, which stimulate DNA synthesis, also lower the sensitivity of DNA synthesis to inhibition by Zn++ deprivation. Likewise, cell transformation by infection with Rous sarcoma virus lowers the sensitivity of DNA synthesis to inhibition by Zn++ deprivation and by pH reduction. The response of DNA synthesis to pH varies with the type and concentration of buffer used. It is concluded that there are a number of mutually interacting variables involved in the regulation of animal cell multiplication.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040820211
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