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Flexibility of the shoulder joint measured as range of abduction in a large representative sample of men and women over 65 years of age (1989)

Bassey, E. J. ; Morgan, K. ; Dallosso, H. M. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 58 (1989), S. 353-360

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Age ; Ageing ; Flexibility ; Health ; Customary activity

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary In a representative survey of 1000 elderly men and women aged over 65 years living in their own homes, assessments have been made of flexibility measured as range of shoulder abduction in addition to health status, psychological well-being and reported customary activity. The results for shoulder abduction were approximately normally distributed and the mean values (±1 standard deviation) were as follows: — in men aged 65–74 years, 129 (±14)° and aged over 74 years, 121 (±19)°; in women aged 65–74 years, 124 (±19)° and aged over 74 years, 114 (±22)°. These mean values are about 30° less than those accepted for younger subjects. Nearly half the distribution falls below the accepted threshold level of 120° for adequate function. There were significant effects of sex and age (P〈0.001); women had poorer flexibility and the reduction with age amounted to 10° per decade. Multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of age was accounted for in part by health, strength and customary use. The effects of use were most marked in those with some disability. This suggests that maintained or increased use could offset some of the age-related loss of the range of shoulder movement.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00643509

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A general algorithm for compressible and incompressible flow - Part II. tests on the explicit form (1995)

Zienkiewicz, O. C. ; Morgan, K. ; Sai, B. V. K. Satya ; [et al.]

Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 20 (1995), S. 887-913

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ISSN: 0271-2091

Keywords: compressible flow ; CFD (computational fluid dynamics) ; finite elements in fluids ; Engineering ; Engineering General

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: The algorithm introduced in Part I of this paper is applied in its explicit form to a variety of problems in order to demonstrate its wide range of applicability and excellent performance. Examples range from nearly incompressible, viscous, flows through transonic applications to high speed flows with shocks. In most examples linear triangular elements are used in the finite element approximation, but some use of quadratic approximation, again in triangles, indicates satisfactory performance even in the case of severe shocks.

Additional Material: 23 Ill.