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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre-diabetic blood pressure predicts urinary albumin excretion after the onset of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 998-1001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Albuminuria ; risk factors ; blood pressure ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; Pima Indians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood pressure was measured in 490 non-proteinuric Pima Indians from the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona at least 1 year before the diagnosis of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Urine albumin concentration was measured in the same subjects 0–24 years (mean 5 years) after diabetes was diagnosed. Prevalence rates of abnormal albumin excretion (albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥100 mg/g) after the onset of Type 2 diabetes were 9%, 16%, and 23%, respectively, for the lowest to highest tertiles of pre-diabetic mean blood pressure. When controlled for age, sex, duration of diabetes and pre-diabetic 2-h post-load plasma glucose concentration, higher pre-diabetic mean blood pressure predicted abnormal urinary excretion of albumin after the onset of diabetes. This finding suggests that the higher blood pressure seen in diabetic nephropathy is not entirely a result of the renal disease, but may precede and contribute to it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374490
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Albuminuria in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in Pima Indians (1989)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 870-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Albuminuria ; prevalence ; diabetic nephropathy ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; impaired glucose tolerance ; American Indians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prevalence of abnormal urinary albumin excretion, defined by a urine albumin to creatinine ratio〉-30 mg/g (approximately equivalent to an albumin excretion rate of 〉-30 mg/24 h), was determined in 2728 Pima Indians aged 〉-15 years from the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona, a population with a high prevalence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Excessive albumin excretion was present in 8% of subjects with normal glucose tolerance, 15% of those with impaired glucose tolerance, and 47% of subjects with diabetes. The intermediate prevalence of abnormal albuminuria in those with impaired glucose tolerance suggests that hyperglycaemia even at levels below those diagnostic of diabetes is associated with renal abnormalities in some subjects and that these abnormalities may precede the onset of diabetes. Abnormal albuminuria at levels not reliably detected by the usual dipstick methods was commonly observed in Pima Indians with diabetes, even those with diabetes of recent onset. Associations were found with age, duration of diabetes, level of glycaemia, blood pressure, and treatment with insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297452
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Striatal neuronal activity during the initiation and execution of hand movements made in response to visual and vibratory cues (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 92 (1992), S. 15-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neostriatum ; Visual and vibratory stimuli ; Wrist movements ; Rhesus monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recordings were obtained from 146 neurons in the neostriatum of rhesus monkeys while they performed wrist movements in response to visual and vibratory cues. Of these, 75 putamen and 29 caudate neurons exhibited changes in firing rate that were temporally related to the onset of the wrist movements and that began prior to movement onset. This premovement activity (PMA) usually was directionally specific, in that the magnitude or direction of change in firing rates was different during flexion trials as compared to trials involving wrist extension. PMA onset usually preceded movement onset by more than 100 ms and in most instances preceded the average onset of task-related changes in electromyographic (EMG) activity in muscles of the wrist and forelimb. For most neurons. the changes in neuronal activity that began prior to movement were maintained during movement execution. However, approximately one-third of the neurons that exhibited PMA changed their firing rate in the opposite direction, relative to their PMA and to their baseline rate of activity, once the movement began. Several other neurons either exhibited PMA only or they altered their discharge rates during movement execution but did not exhibit PMA. These observations suggest that, despite the close temporal relationship between the onset of PMA and the onset of wrist movement, the neuronal mechanisms mediating the PMA may differ from those that occur during movement execution. The PMA onset of neostriatal neurons occurred earlier in visually cued than in vibratory cued trials. These differences were statistically significant only for flexion trials, however, in which movements were made against a load and in the same direction as the palmar vibratory stimulus. For trials involving wrist extension, PMA onsets for visually cued as compared with vibratory cued trials were not statistically different. These findings contrast with data obtained previously from somatosensory cortical neurons during performance of the same behavioral task. On average, PMA in the putamen began earlier, relative to movement onset, than it did in the somatosensory cortex. Moreover, in the somatosensory cortex, PMA onset occurred earlier in vibratory cued than in visually cued trials, irrespective of movement direction (Nelson 1988; Nelson and Douglas 1989). For putamen neurons, but not for caudate or cortical neurons, the onset of PMA also occurred significantly earlier during extension trials than flexion trials, irrespective of the modality of the “go-cue”. These modality-dependent and direction-dependent differences in the PMA onset of neostriatal neurons may reflect the responsiveness of these neurons to somatosensory inputs (e.g., load conditions and vibratory stimulation) that were associated with the behavioral task. These data confirm observations made by other investigators that a substantial proportion of neurons in the putamen exhibit movement-related changes in discharge rate that are initiated prior to task-related changes in EMG activity, and they further suggest that this PMA may be initiated sufficiently early to influence even the earliest task-related activity of cortical neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230379
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between sensory responsiveness and premovement activity of quickly adapting neurons in areas 3b and 1 of monkey primary somatosensory cortex (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 84 (1991), S. 75-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensory responses ; Premovement activity ; Wrist movements ; Somatosensory cortex ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary When monkeys make wrist movements in response to vibration of their hands, primary somatosensory (SI) cortical neurons that adapt quickly to the vibratory stimulus often exhibit two temporally separate types of activity. Initially, these neurons respond to the stimulus. They then cease discharging, only to resume firing prior to the movement. This activation, cessation and reactivation occurs even though the sensory stimulus remains on until after the movement is begun. The first change in activity is most likely related to sensory input. The second, which has been called premovement activity, may have a sensory component as well as one related to the upcoming movement. We wanted to test the hypothesis that the premovement activity exhibited when vibration is present represents both a reactivation of a neuron's vibratory response and the premovement activity that normally occurs when vibration is absent. We also wanted to determine if area 3b and 1 quickly adapting (QA) neurons show similar or different activity patterns during the initiation and execution of sensory triggered wrist movements. Four monkeys were trained to make wrist flexion and extension movements in response to vibratory stimuli delivered to the handle which the animals used to control the behavioral paradigm. Two of the four monkeys also made similar wrist movements following visual cues. We found that the premovement activity of QA neurons located in area 1 (but not area 3b) is comprised of a sensory-related component as well as a movement-related component. The magnitude of these individual components differs in relationship to a neuron's receptive field type, the movement direction and the external force imposed on the stimulated forelimb. Premovement activity of area 3b and area 1 QA neurons occurs at the same time prior to movement, regardless of whether visual or vibratory cues are used to trigger wrist movements. This activity occurs at about the same time as others have observed elevations in the threshold for tactile perception, suggesting that premovement activity and changes in sensory responsiveness before movement may be related. These and previous findings are used to construct a model which may predict the firing patterns of SI QA neurons during behavioral tasks. These findings also suggest that areas 3b and 1 may have different roles in processing task-related somatosensory information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231763
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Errata (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 7S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030326
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic behavior of a single screw plasticating extruder part I: Experimental study (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 144-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic responses of a 2-1/2 inch single screw plasticating extruder and extrusion line were investigated. Step changes in screw speed, take-up speed, back pressure, and processing materials were used to determine the transient responses of barrel pressures, die pressure, melt temperature, and extrudate thickness. Dynamic responses of the entire extrusion line can be explained by the flow mechanism of the extruder and the logical properties of the polymer used. A capillary rheometer was also used to determine if it could simulate pressure responses in the extruder for screw speed changes. Results showed that capillary rheometer was helpful in estimating the short term pressure responses in the die.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260206
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic behavior of a single screw plasticating extruder part II: Dynamic modeling (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 152-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic response of a 2.5 inch plasticating extruder and the extrusion line are modeled using high density polyethylene and acrylics us extrudate. Screw speed, back pressure valve position, and material changes are used as forcing functions. Three fundamental transfer functions in the Laplace domain: a first order, a second order, and a lead-lag, are developed to simulate the short term and long term responses of temperatures, pressures, and extrudate thickness. A kinetic-elastic model which can predict rheological properties of non-Newtonian, viscoelastic materials is also applied to the pressure responses of the extrusion process. This model can fit the experimental data well but due to the complexity involved in its parameter setting, more modifications are required before it can be applied for the control of extrusion process.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260207
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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