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  • Key wordsTrypanosoma cruzi  (2)
  • Alkali resistance  (1)
  • Alkali-Resistenz  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 272 (1982), S. 269-278 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Light sensitivity ; Cutaneous irritability ; Chamber testing ; DMSO test ; Alkali resistance ; Skin type ; Duhring chambers ; Lichtempfindlichkeit ; Hautirritabilität ; Kammer-Test ; DMSO-Test ; Alkali-Resistenz ; Haut-Typ ; Duhring-Kammern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung des Zusammenhanges zwischen der Sonnenempfindlichkeit menschlicher Haut und deren Reaktion auf chemische Irritantien. 44 weiße Probanden mit normaler Rückenhaut wurden getestet. Die minimale Erythemdosis (MED) wurde mit dem Sonnenbrandspektrum einer Quecksilberhochdrucklampe bestimmt. Die Hautirritabilität wurde quantifiziert durch eine Serie von sieben gut bekannten chemischen Irritantien von unterschiedlicher chemischer Struktur, Löslichkeit und Konzentration. Die Reaktion wurde entweder als Schwellenwert der Expositionszeit ausgedrückt (Ammoniaklösung, Natronlauge) oder nach einer Standardexposition bewertet hinsichtlich der Intensität der urticariellen Reaktion (Dimethylsulfoxid) bzw. des Erythems (Natriumlaurylsulfat, Quaternium 1, Krotonöl, Kerosin). Es wurde eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen der MED und allen sieben chemischen Irritantien festgestellt. Die Beziehung war enger für wasserlösliche Irritantien als für lipidlösliche. Trotz starker individueller Abweichungen wird die Bestimmung der MED empfohlen für die Erkennung von empfindlicher Haut. Die Hauttypisierung aufgrund äußerer Kriterien und der Sonnenbrandvorgeschichte erwies sich als weniger zuverlässig.
    Notes: Summary This investigation examines the relationship between the sun sensitivity of human skin and its response to chemical irritants. Forty-four Caucasoid subjects with normal back skin were studied. The minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined with the sunburning spectrum of a high-pressure mercury lamp. Cutaneous irritability was quantified using a series of seven irritants of different chemical structure, solubility, and concentrations. The response was either expressed as a threshold value of exposure time (ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide) or was graded after a standard exposure in intensity of whealing (dimethyl sulphoxide) or erythema (sodium lauryl sulphate, quaternium 1, croton oil, kerosene). A significant correlation between the MED and the response to all seven primary irritants was found. The relationship was better for water-soluble irritants than for lipid-soluble ones. Despite marked individual variations the determination of the MED is suggested as a valuable tool in identifying hyperirritable skin. Skin typing based on complexion and sunburn history proved to be less reliable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 185 (1996), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Keywords: Key wordsTrypanosoma cruzi ; Interleukin-12 ; Macrophages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cytokines produced after infection with Trypanosoma cruzi have been shown to be crucial in the de-termination of resistance or susceptibility. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is the predominant cytokine produced after infection and has been shown to protect susceptible mice from infection. IFN-γ production by natural killer cells and T cells is induced by interleukin-12 (IL-12). Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze the ability of T. cruzi to induce IL-12 production. Spleen cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages incubated with T. cruzi trypomastigotes induced high amounts of IL-12p40 mRNA as shown by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was less efficient in inducing IL-12p40-specific mRNA. Furthermore, biologically active IL-12, detected by the capacity of the supernatant of infected macrophages to induce IFN-γ production in spleen cells, was produced at very high levels. In comparison, macrophages stimulated with LPS secreted drastically less IL-12. Interestingly, only live, UV- or gamma-irradiated trypanosomes, but not heat-killed parasites or lysates, were functional in this respect. In a kinetic study, in the supernatant obtained from cultures of infected macrophages, IL-12 was already detectable at 2 h after infection, peaked at 32 h and declined after 45 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Keywords: Key wordsTrypanosoma cruzi ; Interferon-γ ; Interleukin-4 ; T cell-mediated immunity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is the most important mediator of inhibition of intracellular replication of Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and has a protective effect against this parasite if administered in vivo. Here we have analyzed the importance of IFN-γ for resistance against a lethal infection with T. cruzi in a mouse model system. Resistant B6D2 mice survived the infection with a virulent strain of T. cruzi, whereas susceptible BALB/c mice died within 3 weeks. Both strains produced large amounts of IFN-γ after infection. Surprisingly, susceptible mice had higher serum concentrations of IFN-γ and showed, using in situ hybridization a stronger increase in IFN-γ mRNA-producing cells in their spleens than resistant mice. Moreover, this pattern was also found when immune spleen cells were stimulated with parasite antigens in vitro. However, a marked difference between these mice was found in the production of IL-4, which was much higher in susceptible mice in vivo and in vitro. No difference was found for IL-10. These data show that, at least in the mouse strain/parasite combination used, production of IFN-γ is not the decisive factor determining resistance or susceptibility to T. cruzi. Rather, it is possible that the balance between protective (e.g., IFN-γ) and exacerbative cytokines (e.g., IL-4) may decide over disease control or progression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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