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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 2 (1990), S. 327-340 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Iron ; ferritin ; Parkinson's disease ; Alzheimer's disease ; melanin ; Lewy body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Semiquantitative histological evaluation of brain iron and ferritin in Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (DAT) have been performed in paraffin sections of brain regions which included frontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia and brain stem. The results indicate a significant selective increase of Fe3+ and ferritin in substantia nigra zona compacta but not in zona reticulata of Parkinsonian brains, confirming the biochemical estimation of iron. No such changes were observed in the same regions of DAT brains. The increase of iron is evident in astrocytes, macrophages, reactive microglia and non-pigmented neurons, and in damaged areas devoid of pigmented neurons. In substantia nigra of PD and PD/DAT, strong ferritin reactivity was also associated with proliferated microglia. A faint iron staining was seen occasionally in peripheral halo of Lewy bodies. By contrast, in DAT and PD/DAT, strong ferritin immunoreactivity was observed in and around senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The interrelationship between selective increase of iron and ferritin in PD requires further investigation, because both changes could participate in the induction of oxidative stress and neuronal dath, due to their ability to promote formation of oxygen radicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 73 (1995), S. 465-471 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Complement ; mRNA ; Brain ; Aging ; Alzheimer's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels and cellular localization of mRNA for complement C1q and C3 were examined by RNA gel blot and nonradioactive in situ hybridization in the frontal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls. We found that the hybridization signal for C1q mRNA was markedly increased (approx. 3.5-fold) in the frontal cortex of AD patients compared to that in age-matched controls. In contrast to previous reports we also found that the levels of C3 mRNA, although well expressed, did not differ significantly between AD cases and age-matched controls. Nonradioactive in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes revealed that transcripts coding for both C1q and C3 were closely associated with neurons. These results support the hypothesis that complement could play a role in neuronal degeneration which has been observed in the brain of AD patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Psychiatry Research 34 (1990), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 0165-1781
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Glucocorticoid receptors ; aging
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Advanced glycation endproducts ; AGE ; Alzheimer-Erkrankung ; Ätiologie ; Biochemische Hypothesen ; Key words Advanced glycation endproducts ; AGE ; Alzheimer's disease ; Biochemical hypotheses ; Etiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Despite intense efforts, it has not yet been possible to clarify the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's dementia. There are, however, hypotheses which focus on certain aspects of this type of dementia, characterized by particular neuropathological alterations and clinical correlates. Recently, evidence has accumulated that advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) could play an important role in the etiology of the Alzheimer's syndrome. AGEs are generated by an irreversible reaction through the non-enzymatic, long-term glycosylation of proteins. They are strongly resistent to proteolytic processes and induce protein crosslinking. They could thus inhibit the physiological functions of many proteins. Moreover, it is suggested that they contribute to the transformation of the soluble form of β-amyloid into its unsoluble version. AGEs are also demonstrable in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). A further mechanism by which AGEs might be pathogenic is via their induction of oxidative stress. AGEs probably exert their pathological effects not only directly because of their chemical properties, but also by indirect receptor-mediated mechanisms. Further investigation of AGE-mediated mechanisms should reveal their role in the etiopathogenesis of the Alzheimer's syndrome and, finally, lead to the development of new pharmacological strategies aimed at inhibiting protein cross-linking.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Trotz intensiver Bemühungen ist es bislang nicht gelungen, die Ätiopathogenese des Alzheimer-Syndroms endgültig aufzuklären. Es existieren Hypothesen, die zumindest Teilaspekte dieser mit charakteristischen neuropathologischen Veränderungen und typischer klinischer Symptomatik einhergehenden Demenzerkrankung erklären können. In jüngster Zeit häufen sich Hinweise darauf, daß AGE (advanced glycation endproducts) in der Krankheitsentstehung des Alzheimer-Syndroms eine wichtige Rolle spielen könnten. AGE entstehen in einer irreversiblen Reaktion durch nicht-enzymatische, über einen längeren Zeitraum verlaufende Glykosylierung von Proteinen. Sie sind sehr resistent gegenüber proteolytischen Prozessen und induzieren Proteinvernetzungen (crosslinking). Dadurch können sie die physiologische Funktion vieler Proteine hemmen. Darüber hinaus wird vermutet, daß sie zur Umwandlung der löslichen Form des β-Amyloids in die unlösliche Form beitragen können. Auch in den neurofibrillären Tangles (NFT) konnten AGE nachgewiesen werden. Ein weiterer Pathomechanismus der AGE könnte in der Induktion von oxidativem Streß bestehen. Pathologische Effekte üben die AGE vermutlich nicht nur direkt aufgrund ihrer chemischen Eigenschaften aus, sondern auch über indirekte rezeptorvermittelte Mechanismen. Eine verstärkte Erforschung der Bedeutung von AGE in der Ätiopathogenese des Alzheimer-Syndroms könnte auch zur Entwicklung neuer pharmakotherapeutischer Strategien beitragen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; dementia ; α1-antichymotrypsin ; apolipoprotein E ; Polymorphism ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The α1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein-E polymorphisms were investigated in patients suffering from alzheimer's syndrome and nondemented psychiatric inpatients as controls. The apolipoprotein E allele 4, well known as risk factor, tended to be elevated in the index group. The frequency of the α1-antichymotrypsin allele A was significantly increased in patients with Alzheimer's syndrome: 0.647 vs. 0483 (chi-square test, p〈0.05). We conclude that, apart from the apolipoprotein E allele 4, the α1-antichymotrypsin allele A possibly represents a second genetic factor increasing individual's risk for Alzheimer's syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Advanced glycation endproducts ; Alzheimer's disease ; cytotoxicity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins with reducing sugars and subsequent transition metal catalysed oxidations leads to the formation of protein bound "advanced glycation endproducts" (AGEs). They accumulate on long-lived proteins and are for example structural components of the β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Since the oxidation of glycated proteins as well as the interaction of AGEs with cell surface receptors produces superoxide radicals, it was tested in BHK 21 hamster fibroblast cells and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells if AGEs can exert cytotoxic effects on cells. Cell viability was assessed with three independent tests: MTT – assay (activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain), lactate dehydrogenase assay (release of cytoplasmatic enzymes, membrane integrity) and Neutral Red assay (active uptake of a hydrophilic dye). Two model AGEs, chicken egg albumin-AGE and BSA-AGE, both caused significant cell death in a dose-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effects of AGEs could be attenuated by α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate, by antioxidants such as thioctic acid and N-acetylcysteine, and by aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. This suggests that reactive oxygen species as well as reactive nitrogen species contribute to AGE mediated cytotoxicity. Since AGEs accumulate on β-amyloid plaques in AD over time, they may additionally contribute to oxidative stress, cell damage, functional loss and even neuronal cell death in the Alzheimer's disease brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Insulin ; insulin receptor ; Alzheimer's disease ; aging.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The search for the causes of neurodegenerative disorders is a major theme in brain research. Acquired disturbances of several aspects of cellular metabolism appear pathologically important in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SDAT). Among these brain glucose utilisation is reduced in the early stages of the disease and the regulatory enzymes important for glucose metabolism are reduced. In the brain, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and their receptors regulate glucose metabolism and promote neuronal growth. To detect changes in the functional activity of the brain insulin neuromodulatory system of SDAT patients, we determined the concentrations of insulin and c-peptide as well as insulin receptor binding and IGF-I receptor binding in several regions of postmortem brain cortex during aging and Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against insulin in neocortical brain areas in SDAT and controls. We show for the first time that insulin and c-peptide concentration in the brain are correlated and decrease with aging, as do brain insulin receptor densities. Weak insulin-immunoreactivity could be demonstrated histochemically in pyramidal neurons of controls, whereas in SDAT a stronger insulin-immunoreactivity was found. On a biochemical level, insulin and c-peptide levels were reduced compared to middle-aged controls, but were unchanged compared to age-matched controls. Brain insulin receptor densities in SDAT were decreased compared to middle-aged controls, but increased in comparison to age-matched controls. IGF-I receptor densities were unchanged in aging and in SDAT. Tyrosine kinase activity, a signal transduction mechanism common to both receptor systems, was reduced in SDAT in comparison to middle-aged and age-matched control groups. These data are consistent with a neurotrophic role of insulin in the human brain and a disturbance of insulin signal transduction in SDAT brain and favor the hypothesis that insulin dependent functions may be of pathogenetic relevance in sporadic SDAT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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