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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gliedergürteldystrophie ; Dystrophin ; Sarkoglykan ; Adhalin ; Emery-Dreifuss-Dystrophie ; Emerin ; Merosin ; Calpain-3 ; Muskeldystrophie Duchenne ; Muskeldystrophie Becker ; Key words Limb-girdle dystrophy ; Dystrophin ; Sarcoglycan ; Adhalin ; Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy ; Emerin ; Merosin ; Calpain-3 ; Becker muscular dystrophy ; Duchenne muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recent progress in the field of molecular genetics revealed a broader spectrum of dystrophin-related disorders than previously assumed. In addition, the pathogenetic basis of other types of muscular dystrophies could be identified: some autosomal-recessive limb girdle dystrophies are caused by mutations of sarcoglycan genes, others are caused by deficiency of the sarcoplasmatic enzyme calpain-3. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is due to the deficiency of the nuclear membrane protein emerin. About 50% of congenital muscular dystrophies are related to mutations of a extracellular matrix protein merosin (α-laminin). A series of monoclonal antibodies for immunohistochemistry is now available recognizing many cytoskeletal muscle proteins. In combination with molecular genetics a diagnostic flow chart can be developed which allows a definite diagnosis in most cases. In this review disease entities are illustrated by case reports. We discuss the significance of immunohistochemical and molecular methods for diagnosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neue Ergebnisse der molekularen Genetik haben in den vergangenen Jahren zu der Einsicht geführt, daß das klinische Spektrum der Erkrankungen, die auf Defekte des Muskelmembranproteins Dystrophin zurückgeführt werden können, erheblich breiter ist, als bisher angenommen wurde. Außerdem konnten die molekularen Ursachen anderer Unterformen der progressiven Muskeldystrophien identifiziert werden: ein Teil der autosomal-rezessiv vererbten Muskeldystrophien vom Gliedergürteltyp beruht auf Mutationen der Sarkoglykangene, andere auf Defekten der sarkoplasmatischen Protease Calpain-3; als Ursache der Emery-Dreifuss-Muskeldystrophie konnte ein Membran-Protein der Kernhülle identifiziert werden; etwa die Hälfte der kongenitalen Muskeldystrophien beruht auf Störungen des Merosins (=α2-Laminin), einer Komponente der extrazellulären Matrix. Es steht heute ein Repertoire an spezifischen Antikörpern gegen fast alle der o.g. Muskelproteine für die Immunhistologie zur Verfügung. Zusammen mit den Methoden der molekularen Genetik kann somit ein differenziertes diagnostisches Schema entwickelt werden, das in vielen Fällen zu einer definitiven Diagnose führt. Anhand eigener Fallberichte werden diese Krankheitsentitäten referiert und auf die differentialdiagnostische Bedeutung einer erweiterten immunhistochemischen und molekularen Diagnostik eingegangen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Dystrophin ; Intragenic duplication ; Becker muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a family with a large duplication of exons 2–16 of the dystrophin gene. It was characterized by immunocytochemistry, field-inversion gel electrophoresis and quantitative Southern blots. Our observations are of clinical interest in that they demonstrate an intermediate disease course despite a disrupted reading frame of dystrophin as postulated from exon-intron boundaries. We discuss possible mechanisms which may explain the unusual phenotype in our patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Strelitziaceae ; Phenakospermum ; Isozyme electrophoresis ; RAPD ; genetic variation ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phenakospermum guyannense is a monotypic, arborescent, long-lived monocot that is widespread in Amazonian South America. This outcrossing species is pollinated primarily by phyllostomid bats. Given these life-history characteristics,P. guyannense is expected to exhibit high levels of genetic variation and gene flow. We used isozyme electrophoresis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to characterize genetic variation in populations ofP. guyannense from French Guiana. Both measures detected a surprisingly low level of genetic variation, with only five out of twenty (25%) allozyme loci polymorphic (P), 1.35 alleles per locus (A), and an expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.090 at the species level. Isozymic genetic variation was even lower within populations (P = 17.5, A = 1.24, He = 0.074), and was corroborated by a RAPD assay that used 26 arbitrary primers (P = 3.61, A = 1.04, He = 0.014). Although overall levels of variation were low, the detectable variation was distributed as would be expected for an outcrossing species with extensive gene flow (mean GST = 0.230). We suspect thatP. guyannense is depauperate in genetic variation because of a series of bottlenecks that affected the species over this portion of its range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 216 (1999), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Heliconia ; Foulehaio ; Honeyeaters ; pollination ; plant reproductive biology ; nectar ; breeding systems ; Samoa ; Fiji
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary pollinator of Polynesian heliconias,Heliconia laufao andH. paka, is the Wattled Honeyeater,Foulehaio carunculata. This report is the first documentation of pollination by honeyeaters in the genusHeliconia and the first record ofF. carunculata as a pollinator of a plant species. The Polynesian heliconias bear inflorescences that produce 2–4 hermaphroditic flowers per day for a period of 2–3 months. Each flower secretes abundant nectar (125–184 εl) with low sugar concentration (15–18% sucrose-equivalents, weight per weight basis) which is available at anthesis just before dawn. Ninety percent of flower visits occur between anthesis and mid-morning. The honeyeaters perch on inflorescence bracts, and probing of the flower results in pollen deposition on the head and bill from where pollen is transferred between flowers. No statements on compatibility can be made forHeliconia paka; however,Heliconia laufao appears to be self-compatible. Calculations of energetic values of nectar of the Polynesian heliconias and Daily Energy Expenditures ofF. carunculata suggest that populations ofH. laufao andH. paka serve as rich energy resources for their pollinators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; Amazonia ; geographic information system (GIS) ; museum collections ; species diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data from 3991 records of museum collections representing 421 species of plants, arthropods, amphibians, fish, and primates were analyzed with GIS to identify areas of high species diversity and endemism in Amazonia. Of the 472 1 × 1° grid cells in Amazonia, only nine cells are included in the highest species diversity category (43–67 total species) and nine in the highest endemic species diversity category (4–13 endemic species). Over one quarter of the grid cells have no museum records of any of the organisms in our study. Little correspondence exists between the centers of species diversity identified by our collections-based data and those areas recommended for conservation in an earlier qualitative study of Amazonian biodiversity. Museum collections can play a vital role in identifying species-rich areas for potential conservation in Amazonia, but a concerted and structured effort to increase the number and distribution of collections is needed to take maximum advantage of the information they contain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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