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  • Amboseli National Park  (2)
  • Resting tone activity  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Primates 29 (1988), S. 91-105 
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Behavior ; Thermoregulation ; Habitat selection ; Biometeorology ; Microclimate ; Papio ; Amboseli National Park
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the effect of thermal environment on movement patterns of free-ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus). For Amboseli baboons, one source of potential thermal stress is intense midday heat, and a plausible thermoregulatory response is for animals to simply move into the shade. I therefore examined the hypothesis that baboons would choose quadrats with higher shade availability (as measured by vegetation cover) in response to increasing midday heat loads (as measured by air temperature and solar radiation). Surprisingly, this was not the case—neither ambient air temperature, ambient solar radiation, nor quadrat plant species composition had a significant effect on shade availability of quadrat selected. Instead, thermal conditions affected a different aspect of baboon movements; namely, spatial displacement rates. At high air temperatures, baboons as a group traversed woodland habitats more slowly, and bare pans more quickly, than at lower air temperatures. I surmised that this relationship might reflect thermal effects on movement patterns at a smaller scale: if individuals exposed to high heat loads spent more time resting in shade under clumps of vegetation, they would thereby traverse densely-vegetated (hence shaded) quadrats more slowly. To address this question directly, I obtained focal sample data on activity and microhabitat budgets of individual baboons in relation to environmental temperature. The frequency of most combinations of activity state (e.g., grooming, social behavior) and microenvironment state (e.g., elevation, proximity to vegetation) did not vary monotonically with air temperature. However, baboons in shaded locations (but not those in unshaded locations) spent more time resting and less time moving at high air temperatures than low. In other words, baboon activity budgets depended on both microclimate and microhabitat—animals reduced their activity, particularly movement, when they encountered shade under hot conditions. This pattern of microhabitat choice in turn led to temperature-dependent changes in travel rate at the habitat level. These observational studies of movement patterns suggest that Amboseli baboons employ opportunistic thermoregulation—they do not seek out densely-shaded habitats or individual patches of shade at high air temperatures. Instead, they respond to environmental heat loads by resting, and thereby slowing down, when they happen to encounter plant shade. Aspects of baboon ecology that favor such an opportunistic mode of thermoregulation include large body size and non-thermal constraints on movement patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Primates 27 (1986), S. 449-463 
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Behavior ; Thermoregulation ; Biometeorology ; Microclimate ; Baboon ; Papio ; Amboseli National Park
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This report describes thermoregulatory behavior of free-ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli, Kenya. While resting in trees during early morning hours, baboons are directly exposed to thermal effects of wind and sun. We hypothesized that these animals would respond to microclimatic changes by altering their posture and body orientatio so as to minimize thermal stress. The results of this study indicate that air temperature, solar radiation, and wind velocity interact in their effect on behavior as predicted by this hypothesis. Specifically, the most salient cue for trunk orientation choice is wind direction, while posture is primarily influenced by air temperature. In sum, our results clearly demonstrate that when baboons are unable to minimize thermal stress by selecting a more favorable microenvironment, they do so by altering their posture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 378 (1993), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Denervation of abdominal wall ; Resting tone activity ; Denervation incontinence ; Pregnancy ; Constipation, continent ; Constipation, incontinent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bauchhöhle hat ein Faszienskelett, das durch ihren permanenten veränderhchen Ruhetonus verspannt gehalten wird. Zur Bauchhöhle gehören mit der seitlichen Bauchmuskulatur auch das Zwerchfell und der Beckenboden. Willkürliche und reflektorische Tonusänderungen bedingen ihre Verformung und ihren Verschluß oder ihre Eröffnung. Am Versuchstier haben wir diesen Ruhetonus schon in der Schwanzmuskulatur nachgewiesen, von der der Beckenboden des Menschen stammesgeschichtlich abstammt. Der Beckenboden bildet mit den Sphinkteren das anorektale Kontinenzorgan. Es ist, phylogenetisch erklärbar, bei der Frau viel schwächer entwickelt als beim Mann. Diese unterschiedliche Mächtigkeit ist his zu den Kernen des Rückenmarks, die diese Muskulatur steuern, zu verfolgen. Diese Asthenie des weiblichen Kontinenzorgans wird durch das Gebären und die Obstipation noch zusätzlich belastet. Das gleiche gilt für die Bauchdecke der Frau, die, wie hier nachgewiesen wird, nach einer Gravidität die gleichen, bleibenden Denervationserscheinungen ihrer Muskulatur erkennen läß t. Es sind die gleichen Schäden, die der Beckenboden mit den Sphinkteren erleidet. In schwereren Fällen ist neben der Inkontinenz also auch ein Schlotterbauch die Folge dieser Belastungen. Der ruhetonisierte Beckenboden kann das spastische Beckenbodensyndrom, die kontinente Obstipation, zur Folge haben. Sic kann psychotherapeutisch geheilt werden. Davon muß die inkontinente Obstipation unterschieden werden, die manchmal mit einem Mastdarmvorfall einhergeht. Bei ihr liegt das Hindernis im Darm. Sic kann in schweren Fällen durch eine Sigmaresektion gebessert werden. Die Denervationsinkontinenz ist am besten durch das operative Engerstellen des ganzen Levatortrichters zu bessern. Voraussetzung ist: Der gelähmte Beckenboden muß noch eine Restruheaktivität aufweisen.
    Notes: Abstract The peritoneal cavity has a fascial skeleton that is kept under tension by permanent variable resting tone maintained by the abdominal muscles. The lateral abdominal muscles, the diaphragm and the pelvic floor are all components of this fasciomuscular support system. Voluntary and reflective changes in muscle tension allow the entry and exit of matter into and out of the spherical abdominal cavity by opening and closing of specialized wall segments called sphincters. We have previously demonstrated the existence of a resting tone in the tail muscles of mammals from which the human pelvic floor muscles are derived. The pelvic floor and its integrated sphincters form the anorectal organ of continence. This organ is much weaker in females than in males. The spinal centers that govern continence, contain in the female significantly fewer ganglion cells than the corresponding centers in the male. Childbirth and a commonly found tendency to develop constipation are additional stressors for the congenitally weaker female organ of continence. We explain in this paper why the abdominal wall and the pelvic floor may suffer stretch-induced denervation injuries during pregnancy and delivery. Such damage may persist in later life and can give rise to incontinence and „flabby abdomen”. Based on our work in this field, we found a new differentiation between continent and incontinent constipation. Continent constipation is caused by spasticity of the pelvic floor characterized by abnormally high sphincter activity. This spastic pelvic floor syndrome can be treated successfully by psychotherapeutic techniques. Incontinent constipation, in contrast, is always associated with subnormal activity of the sphincters and may be a cause of rectal prolapse. It can be treated successfully by anterior rectosigmoid resection. Incontinent constipation will also require operative approximation of the levators in many cases. Improvement cannot be expected to result from this procedure, however, unless the pelvic floor shows some residual resting activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 379 (1994), S. 109-119 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Resting tone activity ; Abdominal wall ; Fascial skeleton ; Hernia ; Paracolostomy hernia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bauchhöhle hat ein Faszienskelett mit nahezu immer aktiver Muskulatur, das ist die Ruheaktivität. Während eines Pneumoperitoneums steigert sich diese Ruheaktivität sehr stark. Der Beckenboden und seine integrierten Sphinkteren haben eine ähnlich spontane Aktivität, was mit dem Onuf-Kern im Rückenmark und mit dessen somatischen und autonomen Nerven zusammenhängt. Hernien entwickeln sich nach dem Zerreißen einer Narbe, wie die Nabelhernie. Während bei einem Kind die gewöhnliche Inguinalhernie über einen offenen Processus vaginalis entsteht, entwikkelt sich eine Leistenhernie beim Erwachsenen nach einem angeborenen muskulären Defekt in der Bauchdecke. Eine Schenkelhernie entwickelt sich in einer Lücke durch den Druck der Ruheaktivität der Bauchdecke. Eine Parakolostomiehernie entsteht nach einer Inzision im Faszienskelett und dem Durchzug eines sehr fettreichen Sigmas-Mesosigmas. Eine Behandlung ist oft dann möglich, wenn ein fettarmes Kolonsegment durch eine Inzision des innervierten Rektusmuskels hindurchgezogen und die Lücke im Faszienskelett mit einer fortlaufenden Naht verschlossen wird. Die erfolgreiche Therapie einer Narbenhernie und auch einer Umbilikalhernie gelingt mit einer fortlaufenden Naht eines lebenslang haltenden Fadens. Die beste Therapie der Inguinalhernie ist die Naht der hyperplastischen Fascia transversalis und die Wiederherstellung des muskulären Verschlußmechanismus im Inguinalbereich. Bassini operierte sehr große Hernien mit einer hyperplastischen Faszie. Deshalb waren seine Ergebnisse hervorragend. Gewebsexpander sind in der Lage, eine Faszienhyperplasie zu erzeugen.
    Notes: Abstract The peritoneal cavity has a fascial skeleton with musculature that is nearly always active, i.e. it has resting tone activity. During pneumoperitoneum this resting activity increases very markedly. The pelvic floor and its integrated sphincters also have a similar type of spontaneous activity depending on Onuf's nucleus in the spinal cord together with the somatic and autonomic nerves. Hernias such as umbilical hernias develop with disruption of a scar. While in a child the common inguinal hernia develops in an open vaginal processus, in an adult it develops as the result of a congenital muscular defect in the abdominal wall. A femoral hernia develops in a gap through the pressure of the resting activity of the abdominal wall. A paracolostomy hernia develops after an incision in the fascial skeleton and after pull-through of a very adipose sigma-mesosigma. It can often be treated it by pulling a slim colon segment through the innervated rectus muscle incision and closing the gap in the fascial skeleton with a running suture. Incisional or umbilical hernias can be successfully treated by suturing with a continuous nonabsorbable thread. The best therapy for inguinal hernias is suturing of the hyperplastic fascia transversalis and the reconstruction of the muscle sphincter mechanism. Bassini operated on very large hernias with hyperplastic fascia, thereby achieving excellent results. Fascial hyperplasia has been shown to follow the use of tissue expanders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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