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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of prior saline-morphine discrimination by pigeons on three-way discrimination including two morphine doses (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 222-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Naltrexone ; Morphine ; Amphetamine ; Antagonism ; Pigeons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The discriminative stimulus properties of morphine sulfate (MS) and their alteration by naltrexone (NTX) and d-amphetamine (AMP) challenges were examined in a quantitative dose 1, dose 2, and saline (SAL) drug discrimination task utilizing 1.8 mg/kg MS, 10 mg/kg MS, and SAL as discriminative stimuli under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food-maintained behavior in two groups of White Carneaux pigeons. Group A (Gp A) (n=6) subjects (Ss) were initially experimentally-and drug-naive, whereas group B Ss (n=4) were originally trained in a two-choice MS versus SAL discrimination task, and had a long behavioral and drug history. Significant differences were found in (1) number of sessions to criterion (STC) (group B greater than group A); (2) group A Ss generalized both NTX and AMP to SAL, whereas group, B Ss generalized AMP to the low dose (1.8 mg/kg) MS stimulus; and (3) in drug interaction test sessions, the high dose MS stimulus (10 mg/kg) in group A was unmodified by a range of challenge AMP doses (0.32 to 3.2 mg/kg). In contrast, group B Ss exhibited a shift to the low dose or SAL-appropriate keys when the same high dose MS stimulus was challenged by moderate doses of AMP. Group A and group B were similar in their pattern and distribution of responses when tested with various doses of MS, and also when challenge tests of the high dose MS stimulus were made with NTX. Qualitative generalization tests with the opiate agonist methadone suggested that methadone was more potent than MS in producing the discriminative stimulus properties learned under the MS stimulus conditions. It is suggested that the three-choice dose 1, dose 2, SAL discrimination procedure is a viable model to test agonist and antagonist relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444695
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The discriminative stimulus properties of legal, over-the-counter stimulants administered singly and in binary and ternary combinations (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 309-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: OTC stimulants ; Cocaine ; Amphetamine ; Drug discrimination ; Drug mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in one of seven drug versus saline (SAL) discrimination (DD) tasks under a variable-ratio 5–15 schedule of food-motivated lever press responding. Three groups of rats (n=12/group) were trained to discriminate between one of the legal over-the-counter (OTC) stimulants — caffeine (CAF), ephedrine (EPHED), phenylpropanolamine (PPA), and SAL. Three other groups (n=2/group) were trained to discriminate between one of three binary stimulant combinations — CAF + EPHED, CAF + PPA, EPHED + PPA, and SAL. The seventh group of rats (n=24) was trained to discriminate between SAL and a ternary combination of the OCT stimulants, CAF + EPHED + PPA. Generalization tests were conducted with each of the OTC stimulants and the controlled stimulants — amphetamine (AMPHET) and cocaine (COC). The data suggest: 1) there is cross-generalization between some OTC combinations and controlled stimulants; 2) full generalization between the OTC and controlled stimulants were demonstrated in rats trained to discriminate two of the binary stimulant combinations from SAL; 3) drug mixtures are not perceived as new entities distinct from their component elements; 4) training dose-ratio may influence the characteristics of mixture discriminations; 5) stimulus overshadowing may be a factor determining drug mixture cues, and 6) the DD properties of aggregate drug compounds may function within a euclidean metric space. We propose that some binary OTC stimulant combinations may effectively function as a methadone-like replacement therapy in cocaine dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251286
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for perceptual masking of the discriminative morphine stimulus (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 212-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Naltrexone ; Amphetamine ; Masking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphine-amphetamine and morphine-naltrexone interactions were examined in three groups of White Carneaux pigeons (n=3), which were trained in a twochoice drug discrimination procedure under a FR-30 schedule of food reinforcement using 3.2 mg/kg morphine and saline as discriminative stimuli. Once stimulus control was acquired by these initial training stimuli, the training doses of morphine were gradually changed to 1.0 mg/kg for group A and to 10 mg/kg for group C. The three groups differed in the minimum dose required for stimulus control and the drugs to which the training stimulus generalized. Stimulus generalization to amphetamine was inversely related to training dose. Amphetamine potentiated the discriminative stimulus properties of morphine. Naltrexone blocked the discriminative stimulus properties of morphine to varying degrees, which appeared to be limited by the training dose and the rate-suppressing effects of naltrexone when administered alone. Challenging the morphine stimulus with amphetamine resulted in a qualitatively similar blockade. This blockade was a direct function of the morphine training dose. It is argued that MS-AMP interactions result in perceptual masking of the MS stimulus, which can be differentiated from pharmacological antagonism by NTX. Two other challenge drugs, ketamine, and sodium pentobarbital, did not alter stimulus control by morphine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444694
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen-bonding. Part 4. An analysis of solute hydrogen-bond basicity, in terms of complexation constants (log K), using F1 and F2 factors, the principal components of different kinds of basicityPart 3. M. H. Abraham, P. P. Duce, D. V. Prior, R. A. Schulz, J. J. Morris and P. J. Taylor, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 84, 865 (1988). (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The principal components factors F1 and F2 in the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \log K = {\rm BDP}_0 + S_1 F_1 + S_2 F_2 $$\end{document} have been used to obtain S1 and S2 values for sets of hydrogen-bond bases against 32 reference acid/solvent systems. The constants S1 and S2 define an angle θ = tan-1 S2/S1 that is a measure of the electrostatic:covalent bonding ratio in the hydrogen-bond complex. It is shown that θ can vary from 53 (4-fluorophenol in CH2Cl2)to 86 degrees (Ph2NH in CCl4) depending on the reference acid and solvent. This variation in θ can lead to family dependent behaviour in plots of log K for bases against a given reference acid system vs log K for bases against another reference acid system, and precludes the construction of any general scale of hydrogen-bond basicity using log K values. Amongst a quite wide range of reference acid/solvent systems θ varies only from 64 to 73 degrees, and for bases against these reference systems a ‘reasonably general’ scale could be set up. Such a scale could be extended to bases against reference acid/solvent systems outside the 64-73 degree range provided that certain classes of base (e.g. pyridines, alkylamines) were excluded from the additional reference acid/solvent systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020307
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen-bonding 8.Part 7; M. H. Abraham, P. L. Grellier, D. V. Prior, P. P. Duce, J. J. Morris and P. J. Taylor. J. Chem Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, (in press). Possible equivalence of solute and solvent scales of hydrogen-bond basicity of non-associated compounds (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 540-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using the solvatochromic indicator method, a scale of solvent hydrogen-bond basicity, β1 (General), has been set up using a series of double regression equations, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \nu = \nu _0 + s\pi _1^* + b\beta _1 $$\end{document} for 11 aniline-type indicators. A similar solvent scale, β1 (Special), has been constructed by the homomorphic comparison method using only results by Laurence et al. on the indicators 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline. Results are available from our previous work on a general solute scale, β2H, and we have also obtained a special solute scale, β2 (pKHB) from available log K values for hydrogen-bond complexation of bases with 4-fluorophenol in CCl4. However, the two solute β2 scales are virtually identical.It is shown that there is a general connection between β1(General) and β2H, with r = 0·9775 and s.d. = 0·05 for 32 compounds, and between β1(Special) and β2H, with r = 0·9776 and s.d. = 0·06 for the same 32 compounds. The latter correlation over 60 compounds yields r = 0·9684 and s.d. = 0·07. However, there are so many compounds in these regressions for which the differences in the solvent and solute β values are larger than the total expected error of 0·07 units that the use of β1 to predict β2 or vice versa is a very hazardous procedure. About 70 new β1 values obtained by the double regression method are also reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020706
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