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  • Anaerobic work capacity  (1)
  • Analysis  (1)
  • Dietary carbohydrate  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 314-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Sponge ; Spicules ; Calcite ; Analysis ; Specific gravity ; Speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous donnons les résultats d'analyses chimiques, d'examens aux rayons infra-rouge, et d'examens par diffraction des rayons-X, des spicules de sept espèces des Éponges Calcaires avec aussi les valeurs de gravité spcéifique. Les spicules se composent de calcite et de magnésium. Nous avons découvert des traces de quartz, mais nous les attribuons à la contamination. Nous avons cherché l'aragonite, sans la trouver, bien que la présence du quartz en rende plus difficile la recherche. Le contenu de Mg2+ a varié de 1,25 à 3,15 pour cent d'une espèce à l'autre, s'élevant selon la grandeur des spicules dans les deux espèces que nous avons étudiées. Il était aussi en corrélation étroite avec le déplacement du sommet 112 de diffraction. Des composants présents en quantité moindre, et dont nous avons estimé le pourcentage, se trouvaient être Sr2+, Na+ et SO 4 2− . Sr2+ était relativement invariable, les deux autres étaient variables. Nous avons découvert aussi des traces de Al3+, Si, Mn2+, Ba2+ et Li+. Les valeurs de gravité spécifique s'échelonnaient de 2,58 à 2,62, les spicules plus petits fournissant la plus grande variation. Nous considérons la composition par rapport à la sécrétion de spicules et à la classification de la Calcarea.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse von chemischen, röntgenographischen und infraroten Analysen, zusammen mit Bestimmungen von spezifischem Gewicht, werden für die Nadeln von 7 species der Kalkschwämme dargestellt. Die Nadeln setzen sich zusammen aus magnesiahaltigem Calcit. Spuren von Quartz wurden nachgewiesen, die sich aber auf Verunreinigungen zurückführen lassen. Aragonit wurde gesucht, aber nicht gefunden, obgleich die Anwesenheit von Quartz seine Feststellung erschwert. Der Mg2+-Inhalt variierte von 1,25–3,15% zwischen den Species, und nahm mit wachsender Nadelgröße bei den beiden untersuchten Species zu; es gibt auch enge Wechselbeziehungen zur Absetzung der Calcit-112-Diffraktionsspitze. Es gibt vermutlich geringere Mengen von Sr2+, Na+, und SO 4 2− . Sr2+ war relative beständig, die anderen zwei veränderlich. Spuren von Al3+, Si, Mn2+, Ba2+ und Li+ wurden auch nachgewiesen. Die durchschnittlichen spezifischen Gewichte veränderten sich von 2,58–2,62, und kleinere Nadeln variieren stärker. Die Zusammensetzung wird mit Hinsicht auf die Ausscheidung der Nadeln und die Klassenordnung der Kalkschwämme betrachtet.
    Notes: Abstract The results of chemical, X-ray diffraction and infra-red analyses, together with specific gravity determinations, are presented for the spicules of seven species of Calcarea. The spicules are composed of magnesian calcite. Traces of quartz were detected, but are ascribed to contamination. Aragonite was sought but not proven, although the presence of quartz complicates its detection. The Mg content varied from 1.25–3.15% between species, and increased with spicule size in the two species studied; it also correlated closely with the displacement of the calcite 112 diffraction peak. Minor constituents estimated were Sr2+, Na+ and SO 4 2− :Sr2+ was relatively constant, the other two variable. Traces of Al3+, Si, Mn2+ and Li+ were also detected. Average specific gravities ranged from 2.58–2.62, smaller spicules having a wider range Composition is considered in relation to spicule secretion and classification of the Calcarea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 71 (1995), S. 559-561 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Critical power ; Anaerobic work capacity ; Methodology ; Electrically-braked ergometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the effect of end-point cadence on the parameters of the work-time relationship determined for cycle ergometry. Eight male subjects completed four maximal tests on an electrically-braked cycle ergometer that regulated a constant power output independent of cadence. The power outputs imposed ranged between an average of 259 W and 403 W, whereas the corresponding durations ranged between 139 s and 1691 s. During each test subjects were required to maintain a cadence of 80–90 rpm. Accumulated time to end-point cadences of 70, 60 and 50 rpm were recorded. The four work-time determinations for each of three end-point cadences were used to determine linear relationships between work and time, yielding both a y-intercept, which represents anaerobic work capacity, and a slope, which is termed critical power (CP), for each end-point cadence. There was a significant increase in the y-intercept as end-point cadence decreased from 70 to 60 rpm (F[1,7]=36.7, p 〈 0.001) or 70 to 50 rpm (F[1,7]=80.1, p 〈 0.001), but not from 60 rpm to 50 rpm (F[1,7]=3.28, p 〉 0.05). In contrast, there was no effect of end-point cadence on CP (F[2,14]=1.89, p 〈 0.05). These results demonstrate that the end-point cadence selected to terminate tests only affects the y-intercept of the work-time relationship. To control for this effect, the cadence at which each test is terminated should be standardised if determination of anaerobic work capacity, as represented by the y-intercept, is required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 67 (1993), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Supramaximal exercise ; Dietary carbohydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present investigation examined the influence of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) on the performance of supramaximal intermittent exercise. A group of 14 moderately trained male students [mean age 21.0 (SD 1.6) years] completed a maximal oxygen consumption test and two identical ‘maximal interval tests’ (MIT, and MIT2) over a 10-day experimental period. Each MIT involved five 60-s all-out periods of cycling (against 0.736 N · kg−1 body mass), with each period separated by 5 min of passive recovery. All subjects consumed a moderate CHO diet for 3 days preceding MIT1 (55.3% of energy intake as CHO) and were then randomly assigned to either a high CHO (83%), moderate CHO (58%) or low CHO (12%) diet for the 3 days separating MIT1 and MIT2. All food and drink consumed during the experimental period was weighed and recorded for later dietary analysis. Measurements of work done, exercise oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V$$ O2), venous blood pH, plasma lactate and plasma glucose concentrations were compared between interval tests. Independent Student's t-tests revealed that the 5.6% increase in total work done recorded by the high CHO group and the 2.3% increase by the moderate CHO group between MIT1 and MIT2, were significantly different to the 5.4% decrease in performance recorded for the low CHO group (P〈0.001 and P〈0.01, respectively). No significant differences in performance changes was found between the high and moderate CHO groups; 10 subjects in each of these groups would have been necessary to attain significance at the 0.05 level using the same procedures. No changes in $$\dot V$$ O2, venous blood pH, plasma lactate or glucose concentrations were found among the groups. These data showed that when compared to a low CHO diet, a moderate/high intake of dietary CHO could at least maintain the performance of supramaximal intermittent exercise. The results emphasise the importance of dietary CHO for athletes whose activities involve repeated periods of very high intensity exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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