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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predictability of the clinical potency of NSAIDs from the preclinical pharmacodynamics in rats (1996)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 45 (1996), S. 531-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Antiinflammatory ; Analgesic ; Antipyretic ; pKa ; Octanol-water partition coefficient ; NSAIDs ; Animal models ; Carrageenin ED50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective and Design: Relevance of the preclinical pharmacodynamic, toxicity and pharmacokinetic parameters predicting the clinical potency of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was evaluated. Material: Data for oral potencies of 24 NSAIDs in rats were collected from the literature and from New Drug Applications with respect to the following parameters: antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, acute ulcerogenic activities, acute toxicity, in vitro inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, acid dissociation constant (pKa), octanolwater partition coefficient and elimination half-life. Treatment: Data for most of the in vivo parameters in rats were collected following single dose administration with the exception of adjuvant arthritis. Single and daily clinical doses were considered. All of these NSAIDs have been approved for marketing although not all have been sold in the USA. Methods: The preclinical data were compared to human dose (unit or daily doses) using single and multiple stepwise regression analyses. Results: Analyses suggest that NSAIDs are effective in all models of preclinical tests for fever, pain and inflammation, however, carrageenin-induced rat paw edema model is clearly the best predictor of human dose. Rank order of preclinical models for predicting human dose is carrageenin 〉yeast induced fever〉pressure induced pain=adjuvant arthritis in rats. The analysis suggested that the pain and adjuvant arthritis models in rats may also involve a prostaglandin independent mechanism. Of the two physicochemical factors tested, pKa contributed best to the carrageenin model towards predicting the clinical potency of NSAIDs. Mathematical relationships between human dose, carrageenin ED50 and pKa were established that may assist in the future clinical development of NSAIDs. Conclusions: Carrageenin-induced paw edema model in rats is the most robust predictor of the clinical potency of NSAIDs. Acid dissociation constant (pKa) appears to be a secondary contributor to the potency of NSAIDs. The relevance of the data analyses for developing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective NSAIDs is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342223
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical studies of the stress-induced crystallization of rubber (1968)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The low-angle light scattering by films of stretched natural and synthetic rubbers was investigated. Intense Vv scattering is found under conditions when crystallization occurs which is characteristic of the scattering from aggregates of dimensions comparable with the wavelength of visible light. These were identified with the γ fibrils described by Andrews. The dependence of scattering was studied as a function of light polarization direction, orientation direction, elongation, temperature, degree of swelling, type of swelling liquid, and degree of crosslinking. It was concluded that the scattering unit consists of an assembly of crystals with their chain axes parallel to the stretching direction, but (in the case of natural rubber at high elongations) with the fibril axis at a slight angle to the stretching direction. The scattering is not affected much by swelling but is decreased upon increasing the temperature. Upon recooling the scattering returns, but does so over several hours, indicating that much of the scattering arises from secondary crystallization.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.160060101
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Birefringence and dichroism of rubbery copolymers (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2115-2138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Kuhn-Grün theory for the birefringence and dichroism of rubbery polymers is extended to the case of copolymers consisting of two or more statistical segments of differing lengths. It is shown that the previous equations are applicable provided that the anisotropy of polarizabilities and absorptions are replaced with suitable averages in which the segment anisotropies are weighted by the squares of their segment lengths. This indicates that the stress-optical coefficient will not generally vary linearly with composition. The orientation measured from the dichroism of bands arising from different segments will be different.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.160071212
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scattering of light by disordered spherulites (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1137-1157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The scattering of light by a two-dimensional spherulite of radius R is calculated when there is disorder of optic axis orientation with respect to the radius. Special cases are considered when (1) the disorder occurs in the radial direction only, (2) the disorder occurs in the angular direction only, (3) there is combined radial and angular disorder, and (4) the optic axis makes a constant angle with the radius but there is disorder in the twist angle about the axis. In all of these calculations, a correlation function for disorder is defined and the scattering pattern depends on the ratio of the associated correlation distance to the size of the spherulite. With decreasing correlation distance, the azimuthal dependence of the scattering becomes less and there is a change in the variation of scattered intensity with scattering angles in a manner dependent upon the type of disorder.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080709
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scattering of light by films having nonrandom orientation fluctuations. II (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1127-1136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory for scattering of light from films in which the orientation correlation between two scattering elements depends upon the angle β between the optic axes and the vector connecting the two elements is extended. A delta-function type dependence is assumed in which the correlation is strongest when β equals some preferred value β0. Calculated results of scattered intensities are shown to be similar to experimental observations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080708
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scattering of light from assemblies of oriented rods (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1539-1558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The scattering patterns are calculated from anisotropic rods having an arbitrary angle of the polarizability axis with respect to the rod axis. The effect of a distribution of orientation of the rods is explored. This leads to a change in scattering patterns produced by orienting the rods upon stretching the sample. The scattering patterns are affected by the relationship between the refractive indexes of the rods and that of the surroundings. The influence of the optic axis orientation angle changing upon orienting the rods is explored. Theoretical patterns are compared with experimental ones obtained upon stretching polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.160070909
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some optical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 583-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The optical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) film were examined by observing both the stress and birefringence during stretching at constant rate, during relaxation at constant length and during a dynamic birefringence experiment. Experiments were also done by varying the temperature at constant length. The changes in birefringence are interpreted in terms of changes in negative distortional birefringence, changes in positive orientation birefringence, and possible reversible changes in birefringence with temperature arising from conformational changes in the polymer chain and changes in the contribution of birefringent crystals.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050315
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-temperature superposition of the dynamic birefringence of polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1079-1086 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic strain-optical coefficient of low-density polyethylene is found to decrease with increasing frequency and increase with increasing temperature (at temperatures up to 60°C.). It is found that a series of curves representing the real, K′, and imaginary, K″, parts of the frequency variation of the strain-optical coefficient obtained at various temperatures up to 60°C. may be superposed by translation along the frequency axis. The temperature dependence of the shift factor corresponds to an Arrhenius type equation with an activation energy of the order of 25 kcal./mole. This may be compared with the similar value obtained by Takayanagi for the αc′ mechanical loss and with the dynamic x-ray diffraction values reported by Kawaguchi et al., but is somewhat lower than the value of 34 kcal./mole reported by Onogi et al. from birefringence relaxation studies. Takayanagi has ascribed the αc′ peak to cooperative motion of crystalline and amorphous regions of the sort that might be involved in the suggested sliding of lamellae over each other. At temperatures higher than 80°C., horizontal superposition is not possible.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050608
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local deformation in stretched polybutene-1 spherulites (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1661-1678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The orientation of crystals in spherulites of modifications I and II of polybutene-1 was studied by micro-x-ray diffraction. Changes in such micro-x-ray diffraction patterns were measured in various regions of the spherulites as a function of strain and time. The relationship between micro-x-ray diffraction from parts of spherulites and macro-x-ray diffraction from entire spherulites is discussed. Changes are resolved into contributions arising from (1) deformation of spherulites with change in crystal orientation and (2) transformation of crystals from modification II to modification I.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160081003
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scattering of light from oriented polymer films. II (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1503-1519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A statistical theory for the scattering of light from oriented polymer films is developed in terms of angularly dependent generalized correlation functions. Numerical calculations of scattering patterns are carried out for special cases. The scattering depends upon two types of distributions describing (1) the orientation distribution of optical axes of scattering elements and (2) the angular dependence of correlation in orientation between pairs of optic axes. These distributions are expanded in Fourier series (in a two-dimensional treatment), the coefficients of which are functions of elongation and describe the elongation dependence of the scattering patterns.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080907
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