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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (10)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (6)
  • Tolerance  (5)
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional electrophoresis of precision-cut testis slices: Toxicologic application (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 642-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Tissue slice ; Testis ; Protein mapping ; Toxicity test ; Dinitrobenzene ; Trinitrobenzene ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Advances in tissue slice technology and a recent novel application of this technique to reproductive toxicology using bovine testis have demonstrated the remarkable utility of this approach. The objective of the present study was to combine this in vitro toxicity test system with large-scale two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to detect and study alterations in testicular-slice protein patterns as molecular correlates of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) toxicity. Previous studies have shown that testicular slices remain viable for 〉 24 h and, as measured by protein synthesis inhibition, TNB causes dose-related injury. Tissue-slices were prepared from bovine testicles incubated for 2, 4 or 6 h and exposed to either 100 μM, 500 μM or 1 mM DNB or TNB in the incubation medium. Slices were collected, solubilized, and separated by large scale 2-DE. Resulting protein patterns were then examined by image analysis, which revealed coefficients of variation in protein spot abundance comparable to patterns from fresh rodent tissue samples. Furthermore, specific protein alterations indicated dose-related inductions and declines in protein abundance, some progressive over time. The results of this investigation demonstrate the potential toxicologic utility of combining in vitro tissue-slice technology with high-resolution 2-DE protein mapping. The consolidation of these methods offers a novel approach for toxicity screening and testing, reduces experimental cost, and reduces the use of laboratory animals.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150180350
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance study of nitrogen inversion in N,N'-dimethylimidazolidine (1979)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 12 (1979), S. 362-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 251 MHz 1H and the natural-abundance 63.1 MHz 13C NMR spectra of N,N'-dimethylimidazolidine have been measured from -50 to -170°C. Below about -140°C. nitrogen inversion in the compound becomes slow on the NMR time scale and both the 1H and the 13C spectra indicate that it exists in solution as a mixture of cis and trans conformations having nearly the same energies. The free-energy barrier (ΔG≠) for nitrogen inversion in N,N'-dimethylimidazolidine is 6.4 kcal mol-1, a value which is 1.5 kcal mol-1 lower than that for N-methylpyrrolidine.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1270120607
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance study of diastereomeric interactions of nitroaromatic sulfxides with alcohols in solution (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 22 (1984), S. 539-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of optically active (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)-2-deuterio-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-6-nitrobenzothiophene-1-oxide (3 and 4) is described. Several racemic aryl methyl carbinols in the presence of 3 or 4 give different chemical shifts for enantiomeric CH, CH3 and OH protons. These chemical shift differences are larger than those observed in analogous sulfoxide-alcohol pairs without nitro groups. Quinine and cinchonidine cause observable non-equivalence of methylene and aromatic protons in racemic 4. The magnitude of the diastereomeric shift difference is sensitive to temperature, solvent, concentration, nature of the π system and steric effects.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1270220902
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    13C n.m.r. chemical shifts of carbodiimides (1976)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 8 (1976), S. 327-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 13C n.m.r. chemical shifts of the sp-hybridized carbons in dialkylcarbodiimides have values of δc ≃ 140. These shifts are compared with those of similarly hybridized carbons occuring in other classes of compounds.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1270080613
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and conformations of cis,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene monoepoxide and cis, syn,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene diepoxide (1979)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 12 (1979), S. 299-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The natural-abundance 13C NMR spectra of cis,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene monoepoxide and cis,syn,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene diepoxide have been investigated over the temperature range of - 10 to - 180°C. Whereas the spectra of the former showed no dynamic NMR effect, two different conformations in the ratio of 3:1 were observed at low temperatures for the latter. The free-energy barrier (ΔG≠) for conversion of the major conformation to the minor conformation is calculated to be 5.9°0.2 kcal mol-1 from a line-shape analysis of spectra obtained at intermediate temperatures. It is shown that cis,syn,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene diepoxide exists in solution in chair (major) and in twist-boat (minor) conformations of slightly different energies. Interconversion paths between these conformations are discussed. The monoepoxide is suggested to have a twist-boat conformation that is rapidly pseudorotating via a boat conformation even at - 180°C.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1270120510
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the orientation of an α-substituent on vicinal 13C-;1H spin-spin coupling constants (1990)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 28 (1990), S. 68-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Theoretical calculation of 13C-1H spin-spin couplings ; Propanes ; Calculated 13C-1H coupling constants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The magnitude of the NMR spin-spin coupling constant, 3J(CH), between a vicinal 13C-1H pair depends, inter alia, on the value of the torsion angle ΦCH(13C—C—C—H) and is influenced by the presence of an electronegative substituent located on the coupling 13C nucleus. The form and magnitude of the effect of the orientation ΨXC of such an α-substituent were examined. The coupling constant between C-1 and a hydrogen atom located on C-3 in a series of α-substituted propanes were studied by means of the semi-empirical INDO method. In the calculations both Φ and Ψ(X—13C—C—C) were systematically varied in steps of 30°. These calculations reveal that the variation of Ψ at a constant Φ has a pronounced effect on the calculated coupling constant Jcalc. The magnitude of this effect is shown to be strongly dependent on the electronegativity χ of the α-substituent. Thus, it is shown that Jcalc depends on Φ and Ψ, in addition to χ. The resulting set of two-dimensional Karplus-type surfaces can be described by an equation that contains only nine adjustable parameters. Measurement of 3J(CH) in cis- and trans-2,2,6,6-tetradeuterio-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol confirmed some of the theoretical predictions. In the cis compound (ΦCH = 180°, ΨOC = 60°) 3J(C-1,H-3eq) is 7.1 Hz, whereas in the trans compound (ΦCH = 180°, ΨOC = 180°) 3J(CH) equals 10.4 Hz, in qualitative agreement with the INDO calculations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260280113
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origins of phase anomalies in 13C FT NMR spectra (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 25 (1987), S. 439-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 13C NMR ; Phase anomalies ; Echoes Sampling effects ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some controversy exists on the origin(s) of phase anomalies observed in 13C FT NMR spectra. Two separate explanations, based on either echo or sampling effects, have been proposed by previous workers. We now show experimentally that these two effects can occur separately or together and, in the latter case, the effects can interfere with one another. Methods to ameliorate or remove phase anomalies are briefly reviewed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260250511
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicant-induced alterations in two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns of hepatic and renal stress proteins (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 17 (1996), S. 198-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Stress proteins ; Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electroporesis ; Rat ; Liver ; Kidney ; Perfluorocarboxylic acid ; Toxicology ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent studies in this laboratory and by others suggest that two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins (2-DE) possesses significant utility in the detection of chemical toxicity and in providing information regarding toxic mechanism. After having identified a set of specific heat-shock and glucose-regulated proteins whose expression in rodent liver and kidney is highly conserved and constitutive, we compared the effect of in vivo exposure to perfluoro-n-octanoic acid and perfluoro-n-decanoic acid on their expression. The following stress proteins were identified, their x, y coordinate positions mapped, and abundance statistically analyzed and compared: hsp32, hsp60, hsc70, hsp70, hsp90, grp75, grp94, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and ER60. We report here that the stress response to perfluorocarboxylic acids is tissue-, toxicant-, and stress protein class-specific and dose-related. Furthermore, because nearly all of the proteins studied were constitutively expressed at detectable levels in both liver and kidney, the 2-DE stress protein pattern may be suitable to future toxicologic screening applications.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150170132
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutathione S-transferases: Two-dimensional electrophoretic protein markers of lead exposure (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 19 (1998), S. 1332-1335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Two-dimensional nonequilibrium pH gradient gel electrophoresis ; Rat kidney ; Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Lead exposure ; Glutathione S-transferase ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are a family of detoxification isoenzymes that catalyze the conjugation of xenobiotics and their metabolites with reduced glutathione. Lead exposure in rats is known to induce GST isoenzymes in the liver and kidney. These changes in expression have potential use as biomarkers of lead exposure. Because two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) enables one to analyze both protein abundance changes and chemical changes in protein structure, 2-DE was used to determine the effect of in vivo lead exposure on GST isoform expression in rat kidney cytosols. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to inorganic lead, and proteins were separated by conventional ISO-DALT and NEPHGE-DALT techniques and blotted for immunological identification. Lead exposure caused detectable inductions in both GSTP1 and GSTM1 and quantifiable charge modification in GSTP1. These preliminary data confirm the utility of 2-D electrophoretic GST analysis as indicative of lead exposure and toxicity and support its use for further elaboration of lead's effects on renal protein expression.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190821
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential expression of cytosolic proteins in the rat kidney cortex and medulla: Preliminary proteomics (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 19 (1998), S. 2491-2497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Cortex ; Cytoplasm ; Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Kidney ; Medulla ; Proteomics ; Rat ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rodent kidney is a target of many xenobiotics and is typified by regionally specific structure and function. This renders distinct regions of the kidney differentially susceptible to toxic exposure and effect. To characterize these differences at the proteome level, protein patterns from male rat kidney cortex and medulla cytosols were examined by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and image analysis and prominent proteins identified immunologically or by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization - mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray/ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) sequence tag identification. An average of 727 protein spots were resolved and matched to the cortex cytosol reference pattern, and 716 in the medulla. Of this total, 127 proteins were found to differ in abundance (86 higher in cortex; 41 higher in medulla) (P 〈 0.001). Of those proteins that were detectable in both cortex and medulla, the abundance of 97 differed significantly while 30 proteins were found to be unique to one region or the other (26 in cortex, 4 in medulla). Twenty protein spots were identified and their regional differences are discussed. These results both confirm and expand our understanding of the molecular heterogeneity characterizing structurally and functionally distinct regions of the kidney and serve as a useful foundation for future nephrotoxicologic studies.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150191423
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