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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (17)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (12)
  • Morphine  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The discriminative stimulus properties and detection thresholds of intracranial self-stimulation: Effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, and haloperidol (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Discriminative stimulus properties ; ICSS detection thresholds ; d-Amphetamine ; Morphine ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A two-choice discrimination task was used to evaluate the effects of psychoactive drugs on the discriminative stimulus properties of brain self-stimulation in rats. In these experiments, brain stimulation served both as a discriminative stimulus and as a reinforcing stimulus, but the two effects were manipulated separately. Animals were trained to a criterion of 95% correct in choosing between two levers, and when this levels of accuracy was reached, the ability to choose correctly remained stable over an 8-month period. Increasing the current strength of the discriminative stimulus from zero to 100% of the training current produced a graded increase in the number of trials completed on the appropriate lever. The discriminative effects produced by brain stimulation were evaluated pharmacologically by using three prototypical psychoactive drugs in an attempt to change the detection threshold for the discriminative stimulus. Morphine, d-amphetamine, and haloperidol, drugs that reliably alter reinforcement thresholds for brain stimulation, failed to change detection thresholds. These results demonstrated that: (1) brain stimulation produces potent and reliable discriminative effects and (2) the effects of psychoactive drugs on detection thresholds can be dissociated from their effects on reinforcement thresholds for brain stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428189
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Threshold differences for naloxone and naltrexone in the hypothalamus and midbrain using fixed ratio brain self-stimulation in rats (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 74 (1981), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Brain self-stimulation ; Fixed ratio reinforcement ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Naltrexone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were implanted with stimulating electrodes aimed either at the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus (MFB-LH) or the midbrain-central gray (MID-GG), and were trained to lever-press for brain self-stimulation on a fixed ratio: 15 schedule of reinforcement. The dose-dependent effects of morphine (0.1–3.0 mg/kg), naloxone (0.1–30 mg/kg), and naltrexone (0.1–30 mg/kg) were then determined during 1 h test sessions. Both naloxone and naltrexone decreased the rate of responding in the MFB-LH as well as in the MID-CG. However, decrements in response rates were produced in the MID-CG by both naloxone and naltrexone at one tenth the doses required to produce similar decrements with electrodes in the MFB-LH. Dose-dependent decreases in response rates produced by morphine occurred at the same doses in the two electrode sites. At both sites, the decreases in response rates produced by the highest dose of morphine were antagonized completely by a low dose of naloxone (0.1 mg/kg). At an intermediate dose of naloxone (1.0 mg/kg), antagonism occurred in the MFB-LH but not in the MID-CG. At a high dose of naloxone (10 mg/kg), a depression in lever-pressing occurred at both sites in the morphine-treated animal indicating that the depressive action predominated over antagonism. These data explain the lack of consistency of the effects of naloxone on brain self-stimulation previously reported by different laboratories, and demonstrate that the use of partial reinforcement schedules in a rational approach to the evaluation of opioid effects on brain self-stimulation behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431750
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of naloxone with morphine, amphetamine and phencyclidine on fixed interval responding for intracranial self-stimulation in rats (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fixed interval: 60 s schedule ; Intracranial self-stimulation ; Naloxone ; Morphine ; d-Amphetamine ; Phencyclidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were implanted with stimulating electrodes aimed at the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus (MFB-LH) and were trained to lever-press for brain self-stimulation on a fixed interval: 60 s schedule of reinforcement. The effects of graded doses of naloxone (0.1–30 mg/kg), morphine (0.3–5.6 mg/kg), naloxone plus morphine,d-amphetamine (0.03–1.0 mg/kg), naloxone plusd-amphetamine, phencyclidine (0.3–5.6 mg/kg), and naloxone plus phencyclidine were tested. Naloxone produced a significant decrease in rates at 30 mg/kg. Naloxone (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) plus morphine blocked the dose-dependent decrease produced by morphine alone. In contrast, naloxone (1.0–10 mg/kg) plusd-amphetamine attenuated the graded increase in response rates produced byd-amphetamine. Naloxone (1.0–10 mg/kg) plus phencyclidine did not reliably change the increase in response rates produced by phencyclidine alone. The use of the fixed interval schedule of brain self-stimulation to study these drug interactions is novel, and further demonstrates that the highly reinforcing aspects of brain stimulation, known to be influenced by dopamine, may also be modulated by the endogenous opiate system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245931
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterocyclen mit einem Azaallyl-System, 4. 5H-Dibenz[c,e]azepine mit Donor-Gruppen in 7-Stellung (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 2085-2090 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 5H-Dibenz[c,e]azepines ; Imidates ; alkyl ; heterocyclic ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Heterocycles with an Azaallyl System, 4.  -  5H-Dibenz[c,e]azepines with Donor Groups at the 7-Position5H-Dibenz[c,e]azepines substituted with a methoxy (1) or methylthio group (10) at the 7-position have been synthesized from 6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenz[c,e]azepin-5-one (5) by regioselective O- or S-alkylation with methyl trifluoromethansulfonate and subsequent NH-deprotonation. According to the spectroscopic properties the semicyclic 7-membered alkyl imidates exist exclusively in the benzenoid 5H structure.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19911240934
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen zur Chemie von Isoindolen und Isoindoleninen, XXVII. 2-Alkyl-2H-dibenz[e,g]isoindole: Synthese, Eigenschaften, Reaktionen (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Chemistry of Isoindoles and Isoindolenines, XXVII. - 2-Alkyl-2H-dibenz[e,g]isoindoles; Synthesis, Properties, ReactionsThe tetracyclic hetarenes 6 are easily accessible via the N-oxide route starting with 9,10-bis(bromomethyl)phenanthrene (3) in a three-step procedure. The twofold annelation reduces the diene reactivity of the central 2H-isoindole system. Cycloaddition occurs as well with activated alkynes as with arynes. The hetarenes 6 can be protonated with trifluoroacetic acid and substituted by reaction with arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates.
    Notes: Die tetracyclischen Hetarene 6 sind nach dem N-Oxid-Verfahren einfach aus 9,10-Bis(brommethyl)phenanthren (3) präparativ dreistufig zugänglich. Durch die zweifache Anellierung wird die Reaktivität des zentralen 2H-Isoindol-Systems abgeschwächt. Cycloaddition tritt sowohl mit aktivierten Alkinen als auch mit Arinen ein. Die Hetarene 6 sind mit Trifluoressigsäure protonierbar und durch SE-Reaktion mit Arendiazonium-tetrafluoroboraten substituierbar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19881210113
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen zur Chemie von Isoindolen und Isoindoleninen, XXVIII. 3-Alkoxy-1H-isoindole  -  Synthesen und Eigenschaften (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Chemistry of Isoindoles and Isoindolenines, XXVIII.  -  3-Alkoxy-1H-isoindoles, Syntheses and Properties3-Alkoxy-1H-isoindoles 1 bearing substituents at the carbocyclic moiety have been synthesized from substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-ones 4 by regiospecific O-alkylation to 5 with trialkyloxonium tetrafluoroborates or methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and subsequent NH deprotonation. According to the spectroscopic properties the semicyclic alkyl imidates 1 exist exclusively in the benzenoid 1H structure; the tautomeric o-quinonoid 2H structure 2 cannot be detected by spectroscopic means.
    Notes: 3-Alkoxy-1H-isoindole 1 mit Substituenten am carbocyclischen Teil wurden aus substituierten 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-onen 4 durch regiospezifische O-Alkylierung mit Trialkyloxonium-tetrafluoroboraten oder Trifluormethansulfonsäure-methylester zu 5 und nachfolgende NH-Deprotonierung synthetisiert. Aufgrund der spektroskopischen Befunde existieren die semicyclischen Imidsäure-alkylester 1 ausschließlich in der benzoiden 1H-Form; die tautomere 2H-Form 2 mit o-chinoider Struktur ist spektroskopisch nicht nachweisbar.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19881210209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen zur Chemie von Isoindolen und Isoindoleninen, XXIX. Reaktionen des 2H-Isoindols mit Maleinimiden: Ein einfaches Herstellungsverfahren für 7-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 927-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Chemistry of Isoindoles and Isoindolenines, XXIX.  -  Reactions of 2H-Isoindole with Maleic Imides: A Simple Procedure for the Preparation of 7-Azabicyclo [2.2.1]heptenesSolutions of 2H-isoindole 1 in ether were prepared by a simple procedure and treated with maleic imides 2. 1,3-Cycloaddition reactions lead to the formation of 1:1 adducts 3 with an 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene frame. The endo isomers 3.1 can thermally be isomerized to the more stable exo isomers 3.2. The constitution and configuration of the 1:1 cycloadducts 3 are established by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
    Notes: Lösungen des 2H-Isoindols 1 in Ether werden nach einem einfachen Verfahren hergestellt und mit Maleinimiden 2 umgesetzt. 1,3-Cycloadditionsreaktionen führen zu 1:1-Addukten 3 mit der Struktur von 7-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenen. Die endo-Isomeren 3.1 lassen sich thermisch in die stabileren exo-Isomeren 3.2 umlagern. Konstitution und Konfiguration der 1:1-Cycloaddukte 3 werden durch die 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren begründet.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19881210517
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen zur Chemie von Isoindolen und Isoindoleninen, XXXVII. Symmetrisch substituierte 2-Alkyl-2H-isoindole (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 123 (1990), S. 1719-1727 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Isoindoles, symmetrically substituted ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies on the Chemistry of Isoindoles and Isoindolenines, XXXVII1) - Symmetrically Substituted 2-Alkyl-2H-isoindoles2-Alkyl-Rn-2H-isoindoles (1; Rn=4,5,6,7-tetramethyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro) have been prepared efficiently by the N-oxide route and characterized by spectroscopic means.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19901230823
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen zur Chemie von Isoindolen und Isoindoleninen, XXXI. 4,5,6,7-Tetrachlor- und 4,5,6,7-Tetrabrom-2H-isoindol (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1827-1832 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Chemistry of Isoindoles and Isoindolenines, XXXI. 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro- and 4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-2H-isoindolesThe crystalline 2H-isoindoles 4b are synthesized starting with substituted 2-methylsulfonyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindoles 3 by base-induced elimination of methanesulfinic acid. Compared with the parent compound, a considerable thermal stabilization and chemical deactivation is caused by the halogen atoms at the carbocyclic system. The spectroscopic properties of the o-quinonoid hetarenes 4b have been investigated.
    Notes: Die kristallinen 2H-Isoindole 4b werden aus substituierten 2-Methylsulfonyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindolen 3 durch Basen-induzierte Eliminierung von Methansulfinsäure synthetisiert. Die Halogenatome am carbocyclischen System bewirken - verglichen mit dem Grundkörper - eine beträchtliche thermische Stabilisierung und chemische Desaktivierung. Die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften der o-chinoiden Hetarene 4b wurden untersucht.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19881211022
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Struktur und Reaktivität von isoanellierten heterocyclischen Systemen mit 4n;-π- und (4n + 2)-π-Elektronen, XVIII. Benzo[c]thiophene mit symmetrischer Struktur: Modifizierte und optimierte Herstellung nach der S-Oxid-Route (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 645-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Benzo[c]thiophenes ; preparation by the S-oxide route ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structure and Reactivity of Isoannullated Heterocyclic Systems with 4n;-π and (4n + 2)-π Electrons, XVIII. - Benzo[c]thiophenes with Symmetric Structure: Modified and Optimized Preparation by the S-Oxide RouteBenzo[c]thiophenes (15) with symmetric structure have been prepared efficiently from 1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophene 2-oxides (9) by reaction with aluminium oxide, by O-acylation with trifluoroacetic anhydride, or O-alkylation with methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. The aromatization of the S-oxides 9 is achieved by O-functionalization, subsequent elimination, and consecutive deprotonation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19911240332
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