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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization of aluminium in liver of aluminium maltol-treated rabbits by laser microprobe mass analysis (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 598-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By means of laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA), we have studied the ultrastructural localization of aluminium in livers of aluminium maltol-treated rabbits. This animal model was developed to study long-term aluminium toxicity using systemic (intravenous) administration of aluminium. We could only detect aluminium in electron-dense inclusion bodies found in large, sometimes multinucleated cells. These results prove that the actual observation of aluminium deposits in liver with LAMMA gives more information than bulk analysis and can be very useful to explore mechanisms of toxicity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180815
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser microprobe mass analysis: A review of applications in the life sciences (1985)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 12 (1985), S. 438-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The characteristics and analytical utility of laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) are described and evaluated, and a short history of this recent microanalytical technique is presented. A review of the areas of application of LAMMA and related laser microprobes is presented with special emphasis on applications in the life sciences.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200120903
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of intracellular deposition of the anti-leprosy drug Clofazimine in mouse spleen using laser microprobe mass analysis (1993)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 22 (1993), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) was used to study the composition of the brick-red crystalline material which had accumulated in the spleen of mice that had received the anti-leprosy drug Clofazimine in their diet for several months. The crystalline deposits light-microscopically resembled pure Clofazimine crystals. The presence of the drug in the crystals was indicated by LAMMA by the appearance of the chloride mass peaks in the negative mass spectra. More specific information was obtained from the positive mass spectra. A mass signal for the protonated molecule was present.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200220402
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser microprobe mass spectrometric identification of cyclosporin-induced intrarenal microliths in rat (1992)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 21 (1992), S. 590-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA), the composition of ‘micro-calcifications (dystrophic type)’ or ‘metastatic calcifications’, previously described in rats given high doses of cyclosporin, have been identified. Female Wistar rats given 12.5, 25 or 50 mg kg-1 per day of cyclosporin in olive oil by gastric gavage developed intrarenal calcifications detected by silver nitrate staining (von Kossa) in the outer medulla after two weeks. The calcifications stained red with periodic acid-Schiff reagent and appeared to be intraluminal microliths with concentric laminations. They could be identified by LAMMA as calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite), indistinguishable from unde-calcified bone. These studies indicate that intraluminal obstruction by calcium phosphate microliths, similar to that seen with magnesium depletion or high phosphate diets, may contribute to renal damage in rats given high-dose cyclosporin. LAMMA appears to be an appropriate technique for identifying both the elemental and organic moieties of intrarenal calcium deposits.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200211111
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiometric diameter concept and exact intensities for spherical particles in x-ray fluorescence analysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 9 (1980), S. 52-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In X-ray fluorescence analysis the concept of radiometric diameter, d, is often introduced in considerations of the fluorescent intensity from a particulate sample. It represents the mean geometric path of the X-rays through one particle and is usually simply taken to be equal to the volume-to-area ratio of the particle. The effective radiometric path is, however, itself dependent on geometry and absorption effects. Rigorous calculations of the fluorescent intensity from a particle in the π and π/2 geometries were carried out to evaluate the errors involved. It appears that, for π geometry, the discrepancy between these exact results and the intensity calculated via the use of d does not exceed 5.2%. For the π/2 geometry, the errors are much larger and can amount to 50% in realistic cases of X-ray fluorescence analysis. These conclusions are also applicable to monolayers. The effective radiometric diameter approaches d only when absorption effects become negligible, but is smaller in other cases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1300090205
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automatic absorption correction in x-ray fluorescence analysis of intermediate thickness samples using a dual external reference signal (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 9 (1980), S. 70-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method has been investigated which allows calculations from the X-ray fluorescence spectra of the absorption coefficients at any energy for any sample, without any additional measurement. Use is made of the ratio of the characteristic X-ray signals from a Zr wire positioned in front of the sample and from a Pd foil placed behind the sample, both in a fixed geometry. From the experimentally measured absorption coefficient at the Pd L energy (2.9 keV), the coefficients for higher energies are calculated. By the use of an iterative computer routine in which corrections for the enhancement of the Pd foil by the sample are also included, an accuracy of 2% or better on the absorption coefficient determination can be reached for homogenous samples in one measurement. Grain-size and heterogeneity effects induce inaccuracies on the absorption coefficient determinations which might well reach 20% for particulate samples like intermediate thickness deposits of geological materials. This approach thus has the same limitations as the classical transmission method for such heterogeneous samples.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1300090209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneity effects in direct x-ray fluorescence analysis of hair (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The methodology of direct hair analysis by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence was studied. The effect on the XRF result of having a non-homogeneous radial distribution of the analyte in a single hair strand and the macroscopic effects in a bundle of hairs were calculated to evaluate possible systematic errors. The detection limits were mapped as a function of the target thickness and surface fraction. It appeared that a 10 mg cm-2 sample thickness, i. e. a target with about four layers of hair strands, is recommended. The standard deviation of this simple direct analytical method is 6-19% for some important elements. Discrepancies with neutron activation analysis had a mean value of around 15%. About twelve elements can be determined simultaneously on a routine basis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1300130106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of sample thickness, excitation energy and geometry on particle size effects in XRF (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 14 (1985), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Expressions are presented for calculating the matrix effect and the pure particle size effect in the XRF analysis of particulate samples with a discrete particle size. The equations are based on the absorption-weighted radiometric diameter concept. Two excitation-detection geometries are considered, with the angles between the sample plane and both the incident and emerging radiation being either 90° (π geometry) or 45° (π/2 geometry). Calculations were made for different sample loadings and exciting radiation energies. The influence of these parameters on the matrix and pure particle size effects is shown. From the results, it is possible to predict the performances of alternative experimental correction procedures for the particle size effect, involving dual measurements at different excitation energies or in different excitation-detection geometries.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1300140409
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trace analysis of estuarine brown algae by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 8 (1979), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Brown algae, which are good indicators for estuarine metal pollution, can advantageously be analysed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The use of thin film samples and samples of intermediate thickness has several advantages over the conventional thick pellet procedure. A quite homogeneous thin target is prepared by suspending 15 mg of dried and ground seaweed powder in bi-distilled water and evaporating the slurry on a 10 cm2 Mylar foil held in a Teflon ring. The effective sample weight in the beam is calculated by a procedure based on the scatter peaks in the spectrum. Sensitivities are typically in the 2-15 ppm range. The coefficient of variation per analysis averaged over ten elements amounts to 10%. The natural concentration variation in seaweed specimens at one location is 13%. Samples from locations in the more polluted western Scheldt estuary yield significantly higher values for several elements, relative to the eastern Scheldt sites. Possible trace element variations between the top and base of plants, and between different seaweed specimens and sampling seasons, are discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1300080405
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple absorption correction for electron probe X-ray microanalysis of bulk samples (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 15 (1986), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A simple procedure is proposed for the calculation of the absorption correction factor in electron-probe x-ray microanalysis. It is based on the concept of an effective depth of x-ray production, assuming a rectangular depth distribution function for x-ray generation. This effective x-ray production depth is expressed as a fraction of the x-ray excitation depth given by Whelan's expression. Adequate values for this fraction are presented. Two versions are considered. In the first the effective x-ray production is a function of both the characteristic x-ray energy and the atomic numbers of the matrix elements, whereas in the second one, which is indicated for routine use, the energy dependence is neglected. Calculations pointed to satisfactory results, even for low x-ray energies and high overvoltages.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1300150209
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