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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1998), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Semimembranosus m. ; Lateral meniscus ; Anatomy ; MRI ; Oblique popliteal ligament
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty-two cadaver knees were used for morphologic and MRI observations of the tendinous distal expansions of the semimembranosus m. and the posterior capsular structures of the knee. A tendinous branch of the semimembranosus m. inserting into the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus was found in 43.2% of the knees dissected, besides five already known insertional branches; capsular, direct, anterior and inferior, as well as the oblique popliteal ligament. The tendon had three morphologic types; thin, broad and round. All three types moved the lateral meniscus posteriorly when pulled on. Thus, the semimembranosus m. may also have a protective function for the lateral meniscus as well as the already well established function of protecting the medial meniscus in knee flexion. When a semimembranosus tendon attachment to the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus is present, its normal insertion is difficult to differentiate from a lateral meniscus tear in MRI and this may cause misdiagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1997), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Semimembranosus m. ; Lateral meniscus ; Anatomy ; MRI ; Oblique popliteal ligament
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude morphologique et en IRM des terminaisons du tendon distal du m. semi-membraneux et des structures postérieures de la capsule du genou a été réalisée à partir de 42 genoux de cadavres. Un faisceau tendineux du m. semi-membraneux s'insérant sur la corne postérieure du ménisque latéral a été trouvée dans 43,2 % des genoux disséqués en plus des cinq faisceaux déjà connus : capsulaire, direct, antérieur et inférieur, ainsi que le lig. poplité oblique. Ce faisceau présentait trois types morphologiques : fin, large, rond. Quel que soit son type, sa traction vers l'arrière mobilisait le ménisque latéral. De ce fait, le m. semi-membraneux aurait également un rôle protecteur sur le ménisque latéral, identique à celui déjà décrit pour le ménisque médial lors de la flexion du genou. Lorsque le tendon du m. semi-membraneux présente un faisceau d'insertion sur la corne postérieure du ménisque latéral, il est difficile en IRM de différencier cette insertion d'une rupture du ménisque latéral et cela peut être une cause d'erreur diagnostique.
    Notes: Summary Forty-two cadaver knees were used for morphologic and MRI observations of the tendinous distal expansions of the semimembranosus m. and the posterior capsular structures of the knee. A tendinous branch of the semimembranosus m. inserting into the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus was found in 43.2% of the knees dissected, besides five already known insertional branches; capsular, direct, anterior and inferior, as well as the oblique popliteal ligament. The tendon had three morphologic types; thin, broad and round. All three types moved the lateral meniscus posteriorly when pulled on. Thus, the semimembranosus m. may also have a protective function for the lateral meniscus as well as the already well established function of protecting the medial meniscus in knee flexion. When a semimembranosus tendon attachment to the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus is present, its normal insertion is difficult to differentiate from a lateral meniscus tear in MRI and this may cause misdiagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 15 (1999), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: anthrax lethal toxin ; cytotoxicity ; macrophage ; phospholipase A2 ; protein kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The molecular mechanism of cytotoxic effect exerted by the lethal toxin (LeTx) of Bacillus anthracis is not well understood. In the present study, using primary culture of mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have investigated possible cytotoxic mechanisms. LeTx was not found to induce high levels of nitric oxide (NO) production for NO-mediated toxicity. Fragmentation of DNA, a biochemical marker of apoptosis, was not observed in LeTx-treated cells. Pretreatment of cells with antioxidants such as melatonin and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) did not protect the LeTx-induced cytotoxicity. However, addition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors (quinacrine, p-bromophenacyl bromide, manoalide, butacaine) to the culture medium resulted in the inhibition of cytotoxicity of LeTx in a dose-dependent manner. LeTx-induced cytotoxicity was also inhibited by the tyrosine-specific protein kinase inhibitor genistein, but not by the protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine or H-7. The results of these studies indicate a role for PLA2 and protein kinase in the cytotoxic mechanism of macrophages by anthrax lethal toxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: anthrax lethal toxin ; cytokine ; dehydroepiandrosterone ; melatonin ; tumor necrosis factor α
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis, which is composed of two separate proteinaceous exotoxins, namely protective antigen and lethal factor, is central to the pathogenesis of anthrax. Low levels of this toxin are known to induce release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). In the present study we investigated the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), melatonin (MLT), or DHEA + MLT on production of lethal toxin-induced TNF-α in mouse peritoneal macrophages. We found that treatment with DHEA significantly inhibited the TNF-α production caused by anthrax lethal toxin. Exposure of MLT to anthrax lethal toxin-treated macrophages also decreased the release of TNF-α to the extracellular medium as compared to the control. However, combined use of DHEA and MLT also inhibited TNF-α release, but not more than single therapies. These results suggest that DHEA and MLT may have a therapeutic role in reducing the increased cytokine production induced by anthrax lethal toxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: anthrax lethal toxin ; cytotoxicity ; intracellular calcium antagonist ; macrophage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The lethal toxin ofBacillus anthracis is central to the pathogenesis of anthrax. Using primary cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have demonstrated that intracellular calcium release inhibitors protect against anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity. The cytolytic effect of anthrax lethal toxin was markedly reduced by dantrolene, an inhibitor of calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Pretreatment of macrophages with cyclosporin A, which has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of calcium release from mitochondria, also protected cells against cytotoxicity. These results indicate that calcium release from intracellular store may be an essential step for the propagation of anthrax lethal toxin-induced cell damage in macrophages. Thus our findings suggest that dantrolene, cyclosporin A, and possibly other drugs affecting intracellular calcium pools might be effectively preventing the toxicity from anthrax lethal toxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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