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  • Cerebrospinal Fluid  (4)
  • Motor control  (4)
  • Anesthesia  (2)
  • Central chemoreceptors  (2)
  • Cerebral potential  (2)
  • Milankovitch  (2)
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Schlagwörter
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Respiration Physiology 8 (1970), S. 177-190 
    ISSN: 0034-5687
    Schlagwort(e): Central chemoreceptors ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Control of breathing
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 88 (1999), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Quaternary ; Milankovitch ; 100-kyr cycles ; Eccentricity ; Inclination ; Ice age cycles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The ice-age hypothesis of Muller and MacDonald (1995, 1997a, 1997b) has two parts: (a) The 100-kyr cycle does not owe its existence to Milankovitch forcing; and (b) variations in inclination of Earth's orbit (i.e., the orbit's angle with the solar system invariable plane) provide the mechanism sought. In support of the first proposition, Muller and MacDonald point to the paradox that the spectrum of oxygen isotope series from deep-sea sediments contains no power for two prominent eccentricity cycles, 125 and 400 kyr. In support of the second proposition, they offer a match between the SPECMAP record (Imbrie et al. 1984) and a plot of the amplitude of orbital inclination, shifted by 33 kyr. The hypothesis of Muller and MacDonald is rejected in both parts, although an influence of inclination forcing is not precluded entirely. The paradox of the missing eccentricity cycles (125 and 400 kyr) is explained by suppression of the two longer cycles, and enhancement of the one near 96 kyr, as a result of internal oscillation. A Muller–MacDonald machine for making the 100-kyr ice-age cycles, however conceived, would have to have a memory near 30 kyr to provide for phase shift between input and output. Precisely this amount of memory is sufficient to produce the needed oscillation in Milankovitch machine here applied; thus, there is no advantage, from the point of view of either necessity or simplicity, in replacing Milankovitch forcing, with its precise phasing (despite the fuzzy physics), with inclination forcing, and with its severe problems in phasing (and, thus far, no physics at all).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 93 (1993), S. 352-362 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle receptor ; Motor control ; Electromyogram ; Stance ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract With subjects standing on a treadmill moving sinusoidally backward and forward, recordings of electromyographic (EMG) leg and trunk muscle activity, head and joint movements and platform torque were made with the subjects' eyes open or closed. The sinusoidal frequency was changed, stepwise and randomly, between 0.5, 0.3 and 0.25 Hz. The amplitude of the deflection was constant at ±12 cm. During an adapted sinus cycle, the maximum leg muscle EMG activity was recorded in the tibialis anterior around the posterior turning point and in the gastrocnemius around the anterior turning point in the treadmill cycle. This activity was associated with a forward inclination of the body around the posterior point and a straightening of the body at the anterior point. Both the degree of body inclination and the corresponding EMG activity were dependent upon the sinusoidal frequency. The programmed adjustment of the body inclination was such that the result of inertial and gravitational forces acting on the body coincided with the axis of the body at the posterior turning point. At the anterior point, the adjustment was achieved mainly by strong activation of the leg extensors. The latencies of the compensatory muscle responses to a change in treadmill frequency were significantly shorter at the posterior point for the gastrocnemius than for the tibialis anterior, and at the anterior point for the tibialis anterior than for the gastrocnemius. No correlated changes were seen in the corresponding head and joint movements. The difference in latency can best be attributed to the different body postures during the sinusoid. Early activation of the gastrocnemius is required due to the forward-directed impulse to the inclined body at the posterior point, and of the tibialis anterior muscle due to the backward-directed impulse to the erect body at the anterior point. It is suggested that afferent input from extensor load receptors provides information about the position of the body's centre of gravity relative to the support surface and determines the generation of the EMG responses. Adaptation of both the EMG and biomechanical patterns to a new sinusoidal frequency of the treadmill occurred within four cycles after the change. Biomechanically, this was reflected as a change in the body posture. Vision did not significantly affect these changes. In conclusion, standing on a sinusoidally moving platform, the nervous system acts to control the position of the body's centre of gravity relative to the feet. Body posture is adjusted in such a way that the forces acting on the body during the treadmill movements become minimised. After adaptation, body equilibrium becomes predominantly controlled by positive feedback from programmed leg muscle activation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1985), S. 153-163 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Stance and gait perturbation ; Cerebral potential ; Leg muscle e.m.g. response ; Spinal and transcortical reflexes ; Motor control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The cerebral potentials (c.p.) evoked by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve during stance and in the various phases of gait of normal subjects were compared with the c.p. and leg muscle e.m.g. responses evoked by perturbations of stance and gait. Over the whole step cycle of gait the c.p. evoked by an electrical stimulus were of smaller amplitude (3 μV and 9 μV, respectively) than that seen in the stance condition, and appeared with a longer latency (mean times to first positive peak: 63 and 43 ms, respectively). When the electrical stimulus was applied during stance after ischaemic blockade of group I afferents, the c.p. were similar to those evoked during gait. The c.p. evoked by perturbations were larger in amplitude than those produced by the electrical stimulus, but similar in latencies in both gait and stance (mean 26 μV and 40 μV; 65 ms and 42 ms, respectively) and configurations. The large gastrocnemius e.m.g. responses evoked by the stance and gait perturbations arose with a latency of 65 to 70 ms. Only in the stance condition was a smaller, shorter latency (40 ms) response seen. It is concluded that during gait the signals of group I afferents are blocked at both segmental and supraspinal levels which was tested by tibial nerve stimulation. It is suggested that the e.m.g. responses induced in the leg by gait perturbations are evoked by group II afferents and mediated via a spinal pathway. The c.p. evoked during gait most probably reflect the processing of this group II input by supraspinal motor centres for the coordination of widespread arm and trunk muscle activation, necessary to restablish body equilibrium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 470-476 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Vestibulo-spinal reflexes ; Motor control ; Regulation of stance and gait ; Head tilt ; Man
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Sudden tilts of the head to the front or rear were induced during stance, balancing, gait and during perturbations of gait. The most prominent response in the leg muscle electromyogram (e.m.g.) to head tilt occurred in the tibialis anterior muscle (latency about 55 ms) following a backward tilt induced during balancing. During stance and gait, the e.m.g. activity related to head tilt was only a minor component of the leg muscle activity normally occurring during gait. When the head tilt was induced shortly after a perturbation of gait (treadmill acceleration impulse), the compensatory reaction in the leg muscles did not significantly differ from that seen after the gait perturbation alone. In addition, the rate of acceleration of the head was tested against the compensatory e.m.g. responses: No correlation of influence could be discerned. The results indicate that sudden head tilts and the resulting head acceleration have little influence on the e.m.g. patterns that occur during gait and perturbations of gait. It is assumed that these patterns are regulated by central programs, and that the compensation for leg perturbation is achieved mainly by spinal reflex mechanisms. It is discussed whether the lack of head tilt responses is the result of an antagonistic vestibularneck interaction, or whether it indicates a reduced effectiveness of vestibulo- and cervico-spinal reflexes during gait.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 348-354 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Stance perturbation ; Cerebral potential ; Leg muscle e.m.g. response ; Spinal reflexes ; Motor control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In order to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying the compensatory movements following stance disturbance, leg muscle e.m.g. responses and cerebral potentials evoked by a treadmill acceleration impulse were analysed. It was found that the displacement was followed by a cerebral potential of a latency of 40–45 ms and EMG responses in the calf muscles at a latency of 65–70 ms. The e.m.g. responses represented specific compensatory reactions to the mode of perturbation (with a gastrocnemius activation following positive acceleration but a tibialis ant. activation following negative acceleration). The cerebral potentials, however, showed a common pattern to both conditions. In addition, the leg muscle e.m.g. reactions were not altered by learning effects and by forewarning of displacement onset, while the amplitude of the cerebral potentials was significantly smaller in these conditions compared to those produced in response to randomly induced perturbations. It was therefore concluded that the leg muscle e.m.g. reactions are mediated by a polysynaptic spinal reflex pathway which depends on a supraspinal control. The cerebral potentials seem to represent afferent signals which can be supposed to be subjected to modification and processing by supraspinal motor centres, according to the actual requirements.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Control of respiration ; Central chemoreceptors ; Carotid body ; Stimulus interaction ; Vagotomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane, the central respiratory chemoreceptors were exposed to mock CSF of pH 7.02, 7.20, or 7.57. The right carotid body was simultaneously stimulated by intracarotid injections of 40, 80, or 160 μg sodium cyanide in 200 μl Ringer solution. The left carotid nerve and, in some animals, both vagosympathetic truncs were dissected. It could be demonstrated the the increase in ventilation produced by application of NaCN to the peripheral chemoreceptors is significantly larger at high than at low mock CSF pH (i.e. at low than at high central stimulus intensity). In vagotomized cats the responses of VT and gelai to NaCN similarly depend upon CSF pH; they are somewhat larger, though, than in intact animals. These results are discussed as compared with results reported by different authors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 321 (1970), S. 346-363 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Central Chemoreceptors ; Control of Respiration ; Liquor cerebrospinalis ; zentrale Chemoreceptoren ; Atmungs regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die ventrale Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata flach narkotisierter Katzen wurde mit künstlichem Liquor cerebrospinalis, der unterschiedliche Kaliumkonzentrationen oder 2% Novocain enthielt, überströmt. In einigen Versuchen ermöglichte eine in der Mittellinie der Medulla aufgeklebte Trennwand aus Gelitta Tampon die getrennte Perfusion beider Häften der Oberfläche mit unterschiedlichen Lösungen. Die Ausschaltung verschiedener Schichten der Medulla oblongata wurde durch Beobachtung der Antwort auf elektrische Reize in verschiedenen Tiefen des Gewebes an einer Stelle medial der Hypoglossuswurzel und 3 mm lateral der Mittellinie geprüft. 1. Sowohl 100 meq/l Kalium wie auch 2% Novocain in der Überströmungs-flüssigkeit verursachen nach 50–650 sec Atemstillstand. 2. Gleichzeitige Überströmung einer Hälfte der Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata mit Lösungen hoher Kaliumkonzentration (100 meq/l), der anderen Hälfte mit Referenzlösungen (K+ 5 meq/l; pH 6.9) führt zu einer Verminderung der Atmung um mehr als 50% oder zu Atemstillstand. 3. Elektrische Reizung (1 V; 60 sec−1) 200 μ unter der Oberfläche verursacht eine geringe inspiratorische Verschiebung der Atemlage, später auch eine Vergrößerung des Atemzugvolumens und der Frequenz. Diese Antwort verschwindet während Überströmung mit hohen Kaliumkonzentrationen etwa zu der Zeit, zu der Atemstillstand eintritt. 4. Die Antwort auf elektrische Reize (0,5 V; 60 sec−1) in 1,5 mm Tiefe — eine starke Inspiration mit anschließender Apneusis in extremer Inspirationsstellung —überdauert den durch Kalium ausgelösten Atemstillstand um mehrere Minuten. 5. Hohe Kaliumkonzentraionen (100 meq/l) verursachen, nach vorübergehendem Blutdruckabfall einen Blutdruckanstieg über das Kontrollniveau, während Novocainüberströmung, zu einer Blutdrucksenkung führt, die bis zum Auswaschen der Substanz bestehen bleibt. Aus diesen Beobachtungen kann geschlossen werden, daß Kaliumionen im Extracellulärraum des Gehirngewebes rasch diffundieren können. Ihre Wirkung auf die Atmung lassen sich jedoch nicht durch direkte Beeinflussung der Atemzentren allein erklären; es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese noch erregbar sind, wenn die Atmung bereits zum Stillstand gekommen ist. Beim peripher denervierten Tier (Sinusnerven durchtrennt) wird die Atmung durch Strukturen aufrechterhalten, die nicht mit den Atemzentren identisch, und nahe der ventralen Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata gelegen sind. Zusätzlich müssen kreislaufaktive Strukturen mit ähnlicher Lokalisation angenommen werden.
    Notizen: Summary In cats lightly anesthetized with chloralose-urethane, the ventral surface of the medulla was perfused with mock CSF of different potassium concentrations, or with solutions containing 2% procaine. In some experiments a wall of gelatin foam glued onto the midline of the medulla allowed a separate perfusion of either half of the medullary surface. To study the blockade of different layers of the medullary tissue, electrical stimuli were applied at varying depths from the ventral surface, at a spot located medially from the roots of the hypoglossal nerve and 3 mm laterally from the midline. 1. Both potassium at 100 meq/l, and 2% procaine, cause respiratory arrest after 50–650 sec when perfused over the ventral medullary surface. 2. Perfusion of one half of the ventral medullary surface with potassium at 100 meq/l, the opposite half being perfused simultaneously with reference solution, causes a decrease in ventilation of more than 50% and in some cases respiratory arrest. 3. Electrical stimuli (1 V; 60 sec−1) 200 μ below the surface cause a slight inspiratory displacement of the respiratory leve, and later an increase in tidal volume and frequency. When the medullary surface is perfused either with the solution of high potassium concentration, or with 2% procaine, the response to these stimuli disappears at about the time of respiratory arrest. 4. The response to electrical stimuli (0.5 V; 60 sec−1) applied 1.5 mm below the surface — a vigorous inspiration followed by apneusis in extreme inspiratory position — outlasts for several minutes the respiratory arrest induced by perfusion with 100 meq/l potassium. 5. Potassium at 100 meq/l causes a transitory fall in blood pressure; later the blood pressure rises above the control level During perfusion with 2% procaine, the blood pressure usually decreases and remains on this low level until the drug is washed out. It is concluded that potassium ions readily diffuse through the extracellular spaces of the medullary tissue. Ther immediate effects on respiration cannot, however, be explained by a direct influence on the respiratory centres since these have been demonstrated to be still responding to stimuli after respiration has ceased. In the peripherally denervated animal (carotid nerves sectioned) ventilation is maintained by the activity of structures located near the ventral surface of the medulla which are not identical with the respiratory centres. In addition, structures which are involved in the control of circulation have to be assumed at a similar location.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Medulla Oblongata ; Central Chemoreceptors ; Chemical Control of Respiration ; Anesthesia ; Decerebration ; Vagotomy ; Liquor Cerebrospinalis ; Medulla oblongata ; Zentrale Chemoreceptoren ; Chemische Steuerung der Atmung ; Anaesthesie ; Dezerebrierung ; Vagotomie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die ventrale Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata von Katzen wurde mit künstlichem Liquor cerebrospinalis unterschiedlicher Wasserstoffionenkonzentration (pH 6,5–7,9) überströmt. Alveolärer CO2-Druck (P ACO 2)und CO2-Druck des künstlichen Liquors (P CSFCO 2)wurden bei etwa 35 Torr konstant gehalten. Die Abhängigkeit des Atemzugvolumens, der Atemfrequenz und der Ventilation vom Liquor-pH (pHCSF) wurde an mit Chloralose-Urethan flach narkotisierten und an dezerebrierten Tieren vor und während Vagusblockade ermittelt. Bei anaesthesierten Katzen waren im Vergleich zu dezerebrierten Tieren Atemfrequenz und Ventilation vermindert, während die pHCSF-Antwortkurve des Atemzugvolumens in beiden Fällen nahezu den gleichen Verlauf zeigte. Die Vagusaktivität hatte auf die pHCSF-Antwortkurven der Atmung sowohl bei dezerebrierten wie auch bei anaesthesierten Tieren einen ähnlichen Einfluß: Vagotomie verursachte eine Zunahme des Atemzugvolumens und eine Abnahme der Atemfrequenz. Die Ventilation dagegen zeigte sich nicht deutlich verändert. Beim vagotomierten Tier waren die Antworten der Ventilation auf Änderungen im pHCSF allein auf Änderungen des Atemzugvolumens zurückzuführen, während sowohl Atemzugvolumen als auch Frequenz zur Atmungsantwort beitrugen, solange die Vagusnerven intakt waren. Vagotomie führte zu einer Begradigung der Antwortkurven des Atemzugvolumens und der Ventilation, vorwiegend über eine Zunahme der Anstiegssteilheit dieser Kurven im Bereich niedriger pHCSF-Werte. Dieser Effekt war bei dezerebrierten Tieren im Fall des Atemzugvolumens statistisch zu sichern. Im Fall der Ventilation und bei anaesthesierten Tieren war erweniger deutlich ausgeprägt. Ein Einfluß der Vagotomie auf die Empfindlichkeit des zentralen chemosensiblen Mechanismus konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Dagegen ist die Art der Atemantwort auf chemische Reize, d. h. die Fähigkeit, durch Veränderungen des Atemzugvolumens als auch der Atemfrequenz zu reagieren, von der Unversehrtheit der Nn. vagi abhängig.
    Notizen: Summary The ventral medullary surface of cats was perfused with mock CSF of different hydrogen ion concentrations (pH 6.5–7.9).P ACO 2andP CSFCO 2were kept constant at about 35 mm Hg throughout the experiments. The curves relating tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and ventilation to pHCSF were determined in lightly anesthetized (chloralose-urethane) and decerebrate animals, before and during vagal blockade. In anesthetized cats respiratory frequency and ventilation were diminished as compared with decerebrate animals while the pHCSF-response curve of tidal volume was almost the same in both cases. The influence of vagal activity on the pHCSF-response curves of respiration was the same in decerebrate and in anesthetized cats: vagotomy caused an increase in tidal volume and a decrease of respiratory frequency in the whole range of pHCSF studied in the experiments. Ventilation, however, remained almost unchanged. In the vagotomized animal the ventilatory response to changes in pHCSF was due to a reaction of tidal volume only, while both tidal volume, and respiratory frequency contributed to the ventilatory response if the vagal nerves were intact. Vagotomy linearized the response curves of tidal volume and ventilation mainly by increasing the slopes of these curves in the low pHCSF range. This effect was statistically significant in decerebrate cats in the case of tidal volume but less pronounced in the case of ventilation and in anesthetized animals. As far as the central chemosensitive mechanism is concerned, no influence of vagotomy on the sensitivity of the respiratory control system could be found. However, the nature of the ventilatory reactions to chemical stimuli, i.e. the ability to respond by changes in both tidal volume and frequency, depends upon the integrity of the vagal nerves.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 332 (1972), S. 127-145 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Control of Respiration ; Central Chemoreceptors ; Brain Extracellular Fluid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The extracellular hydrogen ion concentration of the brain cannot be determined by direct measurement. For experiments, in which the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid is varied independently of the composition of the blood, a mathematical model is proposed which allows approximate calculation of the extracellular pH from acid-base parameters of the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. The model is based on former investigations regarding the diffusion of CO2 and bicarbonate in brain tissue. Cerebral blood flow is considered as a function of the arterial CO2 tension. For simplification homogenous perfusion has been assumed. The theoretical model is valid for stationary conditions only. Solutions of the model indicate that under the conditions specified above the extracellular pH is a function of the distance from the brain surface. The cerebrospinal fluid composition influences the extracellular hydrogen ion concentration not farther than 400–500 μm below the surface. It has been concluded that structures reacting to variations of the hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid must be located within this distance from the surface. The central chemoreceptors of the respiratory system which in the cat respond to changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH locally limited to the ventral surface of the medulla, are thus very probably not identical with the medullary respiratory centres which have to be assumed as being located at a greater depth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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