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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 88 (1999), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Quaternary ; Milankovitch ; 100-kyr cycles ; Eccentricity ; Inclination ; Ice age cycles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The ice-age hypothesis of Muller and MacDonald (1995, 1997a, 1997b) has two parts: (a) The 100-kyr cycle does not owe its existence to Milankovitch forcing; and (b) variations in inclination of Earth's orbit (i.e., the orbit's angle with the solar system invariable plane) provide the mechanism sought. In support of the first proposition, Muller and MacDonald point to the paradox that the spectrum of oxygen isotope series from deep-sea sediments contains no power for two prominent eccentricity cycles, 125 and 400 kyr. In support of the second proposition, they offer a match between the SPECMAP record (Imbrie et al. 1984) and a plot of the amplitude of orbital inclination, shifted by 33 kyr. The hypothesis of Muller and MacDonald is rejected in both parts, although an influence of inclination forcing is not precluded entirely. The paradox of the missing eccentricity cycles (125 and 400 kyr) is explained by suppression of the two longer cycles, and enhancement of the one near 96 kyr, as a result of internal oscillation. A Muller–MacDonald machine for making the 100-kyr ice-age cycles, however conceived, would have to have a memory near 30 kyr to provide for phase shift between input and output. Precisely this amount of memory is sufficient to produce the needed oscillation in Milankovitch machine here applied; thus, there is no advantage, from the point of view of either necessity or simplicity, in replacing Milankovitch forcing, with its precise phasing (despite the fuzzy physics), with inclination forcing, and with its severe problems in phasing (and, thus far, no physics at all).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Medulla Oblongata ; Central Chemoreceptors ; Chemical Control of Respiration ; Anesthesia ; Decerebration ; Vagotomy ; Liquor Cerebrospinalis ; Medulla oblongata ; Zentrale Chemoreceptoren ; Chemische Steuerung der Atmung ; Anaesthesie ; Dezerebrierung ; Vagotomie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die ventrale Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata von Katzen wurde mit künstlichem Liquor cerebrospinalis unterschiedlicher Wasserstoffionenkonzentration (pH 6,5–7,9) überströmt. Alveolärer CO2-Druck (P ACO 2)und CO2-Druck des künstlichen Liquors (P CSFCO 2)wurden bei etwa 35 Torr konstant gehalten. Die Abhängigkeit des Atemzugvolumens, der Atemfrequenz und der Ventilation vom Liquor-pH (pHCSF) wurde an mit Chloralose-Urethan flach narkotisierten und an dezerebrierten Tieren vor und während Vagusblockade ermittelt. Bei anaesthesierten Katzen waren im Vergleich zu dezerebrierten Tieren Atemfrequenz und Ventilation vermindert, während die pHCSF-Antwortkurve des Atemzugvolumens in beiden Fällen nahezu den gleichen Verlauf zeigte. Die Vagusaktivität hatte auf die pHCSF-Antwortkurven der Atmung sowohl bei dezerebrierten wie auch bei anaesthesierten Tieren einen ähnlichen Einfluß: Vagotomie verursachte eine Zunahme des Atemzugvolumens und eine Abnahme der Atemfrequenz. Die Ventilation dagegen zeigte sich nicht deutlich verändert. Beim vagotomierten Tier waren die Antworten der Ventilation auf Änderungen im pHCSF allein auf Änderungen des Atemzugvolumens zurückzuführen, während sowohl Atemzugvolumen als auch Frequenz zur Atmungsantwort beitrugen, solange die Vagusnerven intakt waren. Vagotomie führte zu einer Begradigung der Antwortkurven des Atemzugvolumens und der Ventilation, vorwiegend über eine Zunahme der Anstiegssteilheit dieser Kurven im Bereich niedriger pHCSF-Werte. Dieser Effekt war bei dezerebrierten Tieren im Fall des Atemzugvolumens statistisch zu sichern. Im Fall der Ventilation und bei anaesthesierten Tieren war erweniger deutlich ausgeprägt. Ein Einfluß der Vagotomie auf die Empfindlichkeit des zentralen chemosensiblen Mechanismus konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Dagegen ist die Art der Atemantwort auf chemische Reize, d. h. die Fähigkeit, durch Veränderungen des Atemzugvolumens als auch der Atemfrequenz zu reagieren, von der Unversehrtheit der Nn. vagi abhängig.
    Notes: Summary The ventral medullary surface of cats was perfused with mock CSF of different hydrogen ion concentrations (pH 6.5–7.9).P ACO 2andP CSFCO 2were kept constant at about 35 mm Hg throughout the experiments. The curves relating tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and ventilation to pHCSF were determined in lightly anesthetized (chloralose-urethane) and decerebrate animals, before and during vagal blockade. In anesthetized cats respiratory frequency and ventilation were diminished as compared with decerebrate animals while the pHCSF-response curve of tidal volume was almost the same in both cases. The influence of vagal activity on the pHCSF-response curves of respiration was the same in decerebrate and in anesthetized cats: vagotomy caused an increase in tidal volume and a decrease of respiratory frequency in the whole range of pHCSF studied in the experiments. Ventilation, however, remained almost unchanged. In the vagotomized animal the ventilatory response to changes in pHCSF was due to a reaction of tidal volume only, while both tidal volume, and respiratory frequency contributed to the ventilatory response if the vagal nerves were intact. Vagotomy linearized the response curves of tidal volume and ventilation mainly by increasing the slopes of these curves in the low pHCSF range. This effect was statistically significant in decerebrate cats in the case of tidal volume but less pronounced in the case of ventilation and in anesthetized animals. As far as the central chemosensitive mechanism is concerned, no influence of vagotomy on the sensitivity of the respiratory control system could be found. However, the nature of the ventilatory reactions to chemical stimuli, i.e. the ability to respond by changes in both tidal volume and frequency, depends upon the integrity of the vagal nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 332 (1972), S. 184-197 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Control of Respiration ; Central Chemoreceptors ; Decerebration ; Anesthesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventilatory response to changes in the extracellular pH in the medullary tissue (pH e ) was studied in decerebrate cats and in cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane. pH e was varied by changing theP ACO2 and by perfusion of the ventral medullary surface with solutions of different bicarbonate concentrations. For comparison,P ACO2 response curves of respiration were recorded in the decerebrate animals without simultaneous perfusion. 1. TheP ACO2 response curves ofV T obtained during perfusion of the ventral medullary surface with mock CSF show a smaller slope than the control curves recorded without perfusion. 2. The frequency response to changes inP ACO2 resembles the response obtained under control conditions only during alkaline perfusion (pH 7.6–7.8). More acid perfusates cause a decrease of frequency, which is probably due to their effect on calcium ionization. 3. During perfusion, ventilation does not reach the maximal values observed under control conditions. This is mainly caused by the diminished frequency response. 4. A similar behaviour ofV T ,f andV is observed in anethetized cats. However,f andV, less obviouslyV T , are distinctly diminished as compared with the decerebrate animals. 5. The pH e -response ofV T is not diminished during anesthesia, which is attributed to a local wash-out ot the narcotics by the perfusion. Frequency response and ventilatory response, however, are reduced as compared with decrerebrate cats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 26 (1994), S. 769-781 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: cyclic sedimentation ; Fourier stratigraphy ; Milankovitch ; orbital templates ; Quaternary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A simple template-generating algorithm using summer insolation at 65°N as input provides a timeseries for the last 2 million years that can be compared directly with the oxygen isotope record in deep-sea sediments. Discrepancies between template and record are diminished by representing both series as Fourier expansions, and importing the power spectrum of the record to the template, without changing phase. The remaining differences between the hybrid template and the record contain messages about time spans of unusual behavior of the system. The most striking anomalies in the Quaternary are the unusually cold period following the mid-Pleistocene climate shift at 900 ka (Stage 22) and much of Stage 11 near 400 ka, representing excess warming. The present interglacial also is too warm, compared with expectations. Anomalies are thought to be the result of stabilization of unusually cold periods (by albedo feedback) and unusually warm periods (by carbon dioxide feedback). It is proposed that there is a connection between surplus ice buildup (after the mid-Pleistocene climate shifi at 900 ka) on marine shelves and subsequent extra-large transgressions, which stabilize warm periods by shallow-water carbonate production (coral reef hypothesis).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 11 (1928), S. 354-363 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: La cinétique de l'action de l'iode sur le nitrite de potassium a été étudiée à la lumière et dans l'obscurité.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 11 (1928), S. 364-368 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the reaction of methyl methacrylate (2) with methyl 2-sodioisobutrate (1) (a model of the active center in the anionic polymerization of 2) in a mole ratio of 2:1, the concentrations of all known initial compounds and reaction products were estimated. This reaction was studied in a flow reactor with reaction times between 0,02 and 1,4 s using GLC, LC and GPC as analytical methods. At the same time, a rise in temperature of the reaction mixture by 6°C was observed (for [2] = 0,2 mol/1); at a higher concentration of 2 (0,6 mol/1), this rise was 27°C and hence not negligible in the interpretation of the results. The concentration changes of the individual products were in accordance with the concept of a stepwise addition of 2, to the metalloesters. At the end of the reaction the mean molecular weight of the addition products corresponded roughly to the ratio 2/effective 1. The cyclization of Na-trimer 4a to a cyclic trimer 9 was shown to be an important side reaction. The Na-tetramer 5a and the higher Na-oligomers 6a probably undergo a similar cyclization. 2 added 1 very quickly; the following approximate order of reaction rates (Scheme 1) is proposed: R1 〉 R2, R3, R4, … 〉 Rc.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1984), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sizes and shapes of the component phases of immiscible polymer blends are strongly influenced by the viscoelastic properties of each component. For mixtures of different poly(ethylene terephthalate)s and polyamide-6 it can be established that the morphology under shear is the result of the viscosity ratio, which determines the size of the droplet-phase, and of the difference in the component elasticities affecting the shape of the dispersed phase.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 1227-1231 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: copolyimide ; main-chain flexibilization ; bisaroyl amine ; thermal behavior ; solubility ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In an effort to improve the processibility of full aromatic polyimides, copolybisbenzoylamine imides were synthesized. As this study is a continuation of our work on flexibilization of the polyimide main chain, the bisbenzoylamine group was introduced stepwise into the polyimide main chain. Mixtures of pyromellitic anhydride, the rigid component, and a bisbenzoylamine-3,3′, 4,4′-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, the flexible component, were polymerized with aromatic diamines in a two-step procedure. The thermal stability of the four series of resulting copolyimides shows parallel changes that depend on the dianhydride ratio. The functional dependence of glass transition temperature (Tg) on copolymer composition differs for hydrogen or alkyl group substitution on the nitrogen in the bisbenzoylamine group. The solubility of the copolyimides in dimethylformamide changes from 0 to 33 wt %; there is a nonlinear dependence between solubility and the dianhydride ratio.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34 (1987), S. 919-929 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Films made from a 77/23 weight percent polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene blend were stretched using an Instron apparatus. The structures of the samples were examined by methods which included ion beam etching and electron microscopy. The drawn samples exhibited a metallically lustrous and highly reflective surface up to a draw temperature, TR, of 70°C and a draw ratio of about 5. Under certain conditions the change in structure caused by the stretching resulted in the formation of a highly uniform fibril-void structure. The voids are up to 3 μm in width and 160 μm in length and are formed primarily as a result of aggregation and then separation of the microfibrils of the individual polymer components.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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