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  • Antinociception  (4)
  • Shock titration  (3)
  • Body weight  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric shock titration in squirrel monkeys following administration of nantradol, levonantradol, or N-Methyl levonantradol (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 322-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nantradol ; Levonantradol ; N-Methyl levonantradol ; Cannabinoids ; Shock titration ; Squirrel monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of some cannabinoid-related analgesics were examined in squirrel monkeys responding under a schedule of shock titration. Nantradol (0.1–0.3 mg/kg), levonantradol (0.03–0.1 mg/kg), or N-metnyl levonantradol (0.01–0.03 mg/kg) increased the level at which shock was maintained, but did not change rates of responding. Nantradol effects were not blocked by naloxone (0.3–3.0 mg/kg), but they were attenuated following daily administration of nantradol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433410
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of phenylpropanolamine to reduce nicotine cessation induced weight gain in rats (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 501-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Phenylpropanolamine ; Body weight ; Food consumption ; Water consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was conducted to determine if phenylpropanolamine (PPA) administered during the first week of nicotine termination could reduce or eliminate the body weight rebound which accompanies nicotine cessation. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered nicotine for 2 weeks after which they received either PPA or saline for 1 week. Control animals received saline during both drug periods. Body weight, food consumption, and water consumption were measured daily before drug, during nicotine and PPA administration, and for 14 days after PPA administration. In contrast to animals receiving saline upon termination of nicotine, animals receiving PPA did not gain weight at an accelerated rate. Termination of PPA did not result in a body weight rebound. To the extent that these results generalize to humans, they suggest that PPA could be used to reduce or eliminate postcessation weight gain in smokers who stop smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247428
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of chronic phenylpropanolamine infusion and termination on body weight, food consumption and water consumption in rats (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 114 (1994), S. 513-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Phenylpropanolamine ; Body weight ; Food consumption ; Water consumption ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study determined the effect of chronic PPA infusion and withdrawal on weight regulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received PPA (0, 90 or 180 mg/kg) via miniosmotic pumps for 2 weeks. Body weight and food and water consumption were measured daily before, during, and for 2 weeks after PPA infusion. Additionally, body weight was measured once 6 weeks after the last day of drug administration. PPA infusion produced dose-dependent reductions in body weight and food consumption throughout drug administration. During the first week of PPA termination, food consumption returned to control levels; however, body weights of drug-treated animals remained below those of controls throughout the 6-week post-drug period. PPA depressed water intake during the first week of drug administration, but tolerance to this effect developed by the second week of administration. These results suggest chronic PPA infusion produces persistent appetite suppression and weight loss and that discontinuation of PPA does not result in hyperphagia or rapid weight gain. These findings may have clinical significance for the many individuals who wish to lose weight but have difficulty reducing intake without pharmacologic assistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02249344
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of morphine maintenance dose in the development of tolerance and its attenuation by an NMDA receptor antagonist (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words NMDA receptor ; Opioid ; Antinociception ; Tail-withdrawal ; Tolerance ; Maintenance dose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Current research shows that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists attenuate the development of morphine tolerance in rodent antinociceptive assays. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of morphine maintenance dose in the attenuation of morphine tolerance by the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, LY235959. Methods: A rat warm-water tail-withdrawal procedure was used to measure the antinociceptive effects of morphine and LY235959. In this procedure, the distal 8 cm of each rat’s tail is immersed in 40° (non-noxious) and 55°C (noxious) water, and the latency to remove the tail is recorded. Results: Morphine (0.3–10 mg/kg, SC) produced dose-dependent increases in tail-withdrawal latencies from the 55°C water. Following determination of the morphine dose-effect curves, rats were administered chronically one of three doses of morphine (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) either alone or in combination with LY235959 (1.0, 3.0, or 5.6 mg/kg, SC) twice daily for 7 days. Chronic administration of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg morphine produced rightward shifts in the morphine dose-effect curves of approximately 3-, 6-, and 12-fold, respectively. When LY235959 (1.0–5.6 mg/kg) was co-administered with 10 mg/kg morphine, the development of morphine tolerance was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner, with complete prevention observed following 3.0 mg/kg LY235959. LY235959 (1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) also attenuated the development of tolerance to 20 and 40 mg/kg morphine; however, tolerance was not completely prevented. Administering 3.0 mg/kg LY235959 along with 20 and 40 mg/kg morphine was functionally equivalent to treating rats with half the amount of morphine. Conclusion: These data suggest that the maintenance dose of morphine, and thus the magnitude of tolerance, can determine the effectiveness of an NMDA receptor antagonist to attenuate morphine tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050025
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antinociceptive effects of the kappa opioid, U50,488: lack of modulation by 5-HT2 antagonists (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 112 (1993), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Kappa opioids ; U50,488 ; Serotonin ; 5-HT2 antagonists ; Ketanserin ; Pirenperone ; LY 53857 ; Shock titration ; Antinociception ; Analgesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The kappa opioid, U50,488, was examined alone and in combination with the 5HT2 antagonists, ketanserin, pirenperone and LY 53857. Squirrel monkeys responded under a shock titration procedure in which shock intensity increased every 15 s from 0.01 to 2.0 mA in 30 steps. Five responses terminated the shock for 15 s, after which the shock resumed at the next lower intensity. The level at which the monkeys kept the shock 50% of the time (median shock level/MSL) was determined. U50,488 alone produced dose-dependent increases in median shock level whereas none of the 5-HT2 antagonists altered responding under this procedure. When ketanserin (0.032–5.6 mg/kg) was administered in combination with U50,488, very high doses of ketanserin (3.2–5.6 mg/kg) shifted the U50,488 dose-effect curve to the left. Neither pirenperone (0.032–10.0 µg/kg) nor LY53857 (0.01–0.32 mg/kg) altered the U50,488 dose-effect curve in any monkey. Taken together, these data do not support a role for the 5-HT2 system in kappa-induced antinociception in the primate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247371
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of serotonergic receptors in the effects ofmu opioids in squirrel monkeys responding under a titration procedure (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 126 (1996), S. 42-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Serotonin ; Antinociception ; Shock titration ; Squirrel monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This experiment was conducted to determine whether drugs acting on brain serotonin modulate the effects of themu opioid, morphine, as measured by the squirrel monkey shock titration procedure and, if so, whether serotonergic modulation is mediated via specific 5HT receptor subtypes. Under this procedure, electric shock was delivered to the monkey's tail and scheduled to increase once every 15 s from 0.01 to 2.0 mA in 30 steps. Five responses on a lever during the 15-s shock period terminated the shock for 15 s, after which the shock resumed at the next lower intensity. The intensity below which monkeys maintained shock 50% of the time (median shock level or MSL) and rate of responding (RR) in the presence of shock were determined under control conditions and after administration of morphine alone and in combination with various serotonergic compounds. Morphine increased median shock level and decreased rate of responding in a dose-dependent manner. These effects of morphine were attenuated by the 5HT1A receptor agonists, 8-OH-DPAT [(+)-8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino tetralin HBr] and ipsapirone. The effects of morphine were not altered by the 5HT1A receptor antagonist, NAN-190 [1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido) butyl] piperazine HBr], the 5HT2 receptor antagonist, ketanserin, the 5HT3 receptor antagonist, MDL 72222 [3-tropanyl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate], the alpha2 adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, or the alpha2 adrenergic agonist, clonidine. These results suggest that 5HT1A receptors may be involved in the effects of morphine in the shock titration procedure, whereas 5HT2, 5HT3 and alpha2 adrenergic receptors do not appear to play a role in morphine's effects in this procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246409
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The competitive NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 modulates the progression of morphine tolerance in rats (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 142 (1999), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words NMDA antagonists ; Opioid ; Antinociception ; Tail-withdrawal ; Tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A rat warm-water tail-withdrawal procedure was used to examine the effects of chronic administration of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 in morphine tolerant rats. Morphine dose-dependently increased tail-withdrawal latencies from 55°C water. When morphine (10 mg/kg) was administered twice-daily for 7 days, the morphine dose-effect curves shifted 0.3–0.5 log unit to the right. When morphine was administered for an additional 7 days, the morphine dose-effect curve shifted 0.4 log unit further to the right. Co-administration of LY235959 (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) along with morphine prevented the development of tolerance observed during the second week of chronic morphine administration. Although the highest dose of LY235959 (10 mg/kg) partially reversed tolerance in five of seven rats, tolerance was not reversed by lower doses of LY235959. These data suggest that NMDA receptor antagonists may effectively prevent the progressive development of morphine tolerance at doses that are not sufficient to reverse pre-established morphine tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050881
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