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  • Rat  (10)
  • Nucleus accumbens  (2)
  • Antiopiate activity  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biphasic effect on nociception and antiopiate activity of the neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRFamide) in the rat
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 14 (1993), S. 919-924 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Analgesia ; Antiopiate activity ; Hyperesthesia ; Morphine ; NPFF ; Tail-flick test
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(93)90067-Q
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral analysis of the effect of neurotensin injected into the ventral mesencephalon on investigatory and spontaneous motor behavior in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neurotensin ; Ventral mesencephalon ; Investigatory behaviour ; Motor behavior ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present experiments examined in detail the behavioral response to microinfusions of neurotensin (NT) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra (SN) and hippocampus (HPC). The behavioral apparatus consisted of an eight-hole box in which investigatory and spontaneous motor behavior were recorded. Three doses (0.175, 0.5, 4.0 μg) of NT were injected into the VTA. The main effect of NT was a strong augmentation of rearing (frequency and duration) both in the periphery and center of the arena, accompanied by a small increase in locomotion and decreased grooming. NT had no effect on the strategy, organization, or duration of exploration but did augment frequency of hole visits towards the end of the session. NT injected into the SN and HPC had no effect on investigatory and spontaneous behavior with the exception of an increase in peripheral locomotion after HPC-NT injections. The results are discussed in terms of a modulatory role of endogenous NT on mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428412
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic neuroleptic treatment and mesolimbic dopamine denervation induce behavioural supersensitivity to opiates (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opiates ; Nucleus accumbens ; Supersensitivity ; Chronic neuroleptic ; 6-OHDA lesion ; Mesolimbic dopamine neurones ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study the functional relationship between enkephalinergic and dopaminergic neurones at the level of the nucleus accumbens was investigated. The study consisted of two experiments in which dopaminergic (DA) transmission was chronically inhibited, and the behavioural locomotor response to intra-accumbens opiate injections analysed. First, specific 6-OHDA lesion of the DA-A10 neurones (either in nucleus accumbens or ventral tegmental area) was found markedly to increase the behavioural excitatory effects induced by nucleus accumbens injection of opioid peptides or morphine. Specific lesion of the central noradrenergic neurones had no such effect. Second, chronic pharmacological blockade of DA activity either with reserpine or a neuroleptic (pipothiazine palmitate) similarly induced a strong enhancement of the behavioral response to intra-accumbens opiate injection. The results are discussed in terms of novel mechanisms underlying denervation supersensitivity, and may have important implications for the relation between dopamine dysfunction in mental illness and opiate addiction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428196
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral analysis of the effect of substance P injected into the ventral mesencephalon on investigatory and spontaneous motor behavior in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Substance P ; Ventral mesencephalon ; Investigatory behavior ; Motor behavior ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present experiments the behavioral response to substance P (SP) microinfusion into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra (SN), and sensorimotor cortex (CX) was investigated in detail. The experiments were carried out using an eight-hole box to measure exploratory behavior and a video monitor for the analysis of spontaneous motor behavior. When infused into the VTA, SP (0.125, 0.5, 3.0 μg) augmented the frequency and total duration of hole-pokes, and tended to diminish the mean duration of hole-pokes. The strategy and organization of responses, as measured by the order of hole-visits and hole-switching, were unchanged by SP and there was no indication of stereotypy, measured by the number of hole-pokes per hole-visit. The open-field analysis revealed a marked increase in locomotion and rearing, both in the periphery and center of the arena; grooming was decreased by SP. The behavioral profile following SN infusions of SP (3.0 μg) was similar to that elicited by VTA infusions, with the exception that center rearing was not enhanced. SP administration into cortex (3 μg) had no significant effect on any behavioral measures. It is hypothesized that SP infused into the ventral mesencephalon results in an enhancement of approach response tendencies, suggesting that endogenous SP in this region may regulate spontaneous behavior. The possibility of an interaction between SP and meso-telencephalic dopamine neurons is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427319
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of the projection from the parataenial nucleus of the thalamus to the nucleus accumbens in the rat: An autoradiographic study (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 499-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parataenial nucleus ; Nucleus accumbens ; Autoradiography ; Thalamus ; Limbic system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study the intrastriatal distribution of afferents arising from the parataenial nucleus of the thalamus was investigated. Tritiated leucine and proline injected into the parataenial nucleus was found to densely label the entire anterior-posterior extent of the medial nucleus accumbens. The projection was for the most part limited to this striatal subregion, although some moderate labelling was found along the medial wall of the anterior caudateputamen. The terminal labelling within accumbens was characterized by a distinct patchiness. Other efferent connections of the parataenial nucleus observed in this study include the thalamic reticular nucleus, the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala, the septum, the medial frontal cortex, the entorhinal cortex and subiculum. This projection is distributed to the “limbic afferented” sector of striatum, and there is a nearly complete overlap between the parataenial afferents and those coming from hippocampus. The present findings suggest that the parataenial nucleus is an important thalamic link between limbic and striatal processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235475
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amphetamine, apomorphine and investigatory behavior in the rat: Analysis of the structure and pattern of responses (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 66-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Dopamine ; Exploration ; Locomotor activity ; Hole-board ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present experiments, the effects of a wide range of doses of d-amphetamine and apomorphine were studied on investigatory behavior in an automated eight-hole box. Amphetamine (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 mg/kg) increased frequency and total duration of responses, and decreased mean duration in a dose-dependent manner. The strategy and organization of responses, as measured by the order of hole-visits and hole-switching, were unchanged at lower doses of amphetamine but were altered at higher doses. Perseverative hole-poking was observed at the highest dose (5.0) as indicated by increased number of hole-pokes per hole-visit. Apomorphine (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 mg/kg) decreased mean duration of responses, but in contrast to amphetamine markedly diminished frequency. Locomotor activity was also measured at all doses of both drugs. Our observations indicate that these two stimulant drugs both of which increase motor activity, have markedly different effects on investigatory responses. It is likely that amphetamine increases prepotent response tendencies (i.e., hole-poking), although this does not necessarily reflect enhanced exploration. Further, the results obtained with amphetamine support predictions made by the Lyon-Robbins behavioral theory of amphetamine effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310515
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotensin, substance P, neurokinin-α, and enkephalin: injection into ventral tegmental area in the rat produces differential effects on operant responding (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Operant behavior ; Fixed-interval ; Ventral tegmental area ; Neurotensin ; Substance P ; Neurokinin-α (substance K) ; d-Ala-Met-enkephalin ; Dopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neuropeptides neurotensin, substance P, neurokinin-α (substance K), and met-enkephalin are present endogenously in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), site of the A10 dopaminergic (DA) cell bodies. In the present study these four peptides were injected bilaterally into the VTA in the rat, and the effects on operant behavior were assessed. Cannulae aimed at the VTA were implanted in four groups of animals, which had been trained to bar-press for food reward on a fixed-interval, 40-s schedule. A fifth group, in which the effects of systemically administered amphetamine were assessed, was also tested. Response rate across the interval was measured, and the index of quarter-life was taken as an indication of the temporal pattern of resonding. In addition, a rate-dependency analysis was carried out for all data. Neurotensin (NT, 0.0175, 0.175, 0.5 μg in 1 μl) dose-dependently decreased response rates without affecting quarter-life, and reduced the number of reinforcements obtained. Substance P (SP, 0.1, 1.0, 3.0 μg) did not affect responding, and neurokinin-α (NKA, 0.1, 1.0, 3.0 μg) induced a small increase in responding. Quarter-life was not affected by SP or NKA, but responding on the nonreinforced lever was significantly increased by both peptides. d-Ala-met-enkephalin (DALA, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 μg) induced a dose-dependent increase in responding which was also rate-dependent, and reduced quarter-life. DALA effects were similar to the classic pattern of responding observed after systemic amphetamine. These results suggest that although all these peptides elicit behavioral activation and may affect DA neuronal activity, the behavioral responses can be differentiated with respect to operant behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442258
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opiate withdrawal-induced place aversion lasts for up to 16 weeks (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Opiate ; Withdrawal ; Place aversion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Administration of low doses of opiate antagonists to morphine-dependent rats produces an aversive response as measured by a conditioned place aversion, but the time course of such a learned aversion is largely unknown. Objectives: The purpose of this experiment was to examine the time course for the expression of a place aversion to opiate withdrawal. Methods: Morphine-dependent rats were tested in a three-chamber place- aversion apparatus. The conditioning phase consisted of three pairings of either naloxone (15 µg/kg s.c.) or vehicle with two compartments, with the most similar time allotments during the preconditioning test. During the testing phase, rats were again allowed to explore the entire apparatus. Different groups were tested at 24 h, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks post-conditioning (morphine-free tests). Results: A robust place aversion was recorded at every time point tested, including at 16 weeks. In previously published work, placebo-pelleted rats tested with naloxone at the same dose failed to show a place aversion and nondependent rats showed a stable lack of aversion at tests up to 56 days. Dependent animals without naloxone also failed to show a place aversion at any of those time points. Conclusions: In the absence of any active intervention, the place aversion produced by opiate withdrawal is very long lasting and provides a model for protracted abstinence that may be useful for delineating the neurobiological substrate for vulnerability to relapse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002139900358
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethopharmacological analysis of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats: a newly-developed “etho-score” (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 122 (1995), S. 122-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behaviour ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Withdrawal syndrome ; Ethopharmacology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The intensity of opiate withdrawal syndrome in rats is usually quantified on the basis of selected physical signs or global scores. However, the selection criteria of signs and scores have not been subjected to an ethological discussion, hence they appear to be somewhat arbitrary. The objectives of this study were thus: i) to analyse the rat's behaviour during the nalox-one-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome, ii) to evaluate the validity of classic methods, and iii) to design a new “etho-score”. Ten rats were implanted with morphine pellets (75 mg×2, SC), all receiving different naloxone doses following a within-subject design (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg SC). Twenty unexperienced rats and 20 with placebo pellets were injected with either saline or naloxone. Behaviour was videotaped and later analysed by computer-based ethological techniques. The ethogram encompassed 16 patterns displayed by rats during morphine withdrawal. Frequency, duration and latency of each pattern was measured, and a cluster analysis allowed discerning the structure of behaviour. Several physical signs and the Gellert-Holtzman score were also evaluated. The data revealed that writhing responses linearly changed in a dose-related fashion, and mastication was also enhanced after naloxone. Wet-dog shakes and jumping changed following an U-shaped curve. Significant changes in weight loss were found to be dose-dependent, and highly correlated to diarrhea. Learning effects were found to reliably affect exploration, writhing responses and some physical signs. The Gellert-Holtzman score was gradually enhanced after naloxone, being affected by learning as well. Naloxone affected lying and self-care responses in placebo rats. To sum up, the data indicated that: i) classic signs are useful, although most of them are disrupted by high naloxone or affected by learning effects, ii) the Gellert-Holtzman score was validated in this study, and iii) mastication and weight loss are good indicators of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal, representing the basis of an “etho-score” which is herein proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246086
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social deprivation enhances the vulnerability of male Wistar rats to stressor- and amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 116-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychostimulant ; Amphetamine ; Stress ; Long-term sensitization ; Social isolation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of experimential factors on the vulnerability of rats to develop amphetamine (AMPH)- and stressor-induced behavioral sensitization. Young male Wistar rats with previous social experience were isolated from their peers for 2 weeks. 1) The effect of this short-lasting social deprivation were: a) a reduced tendency to explore a fearful environment; b) a prolonged exploratory activity in response to a novel but little fearful environment; and c) a dose-dependent increase in the psychomotor stimulation induced by systemic AMPH injection. 2) After repeated AMPH injections (injection every other day for 10 days), isolated rats exhibited behavioral sensitization at lower doses (0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg) than those required for group-housed rats (1 mg/kg). 3) After being submitted to a repeated stressor (3, 7 or 14 footshock sessions, with 2 days between sessions), the isolated rats exhibited a greater increase in the behavioral responsivity to a subsequent AMPH challenge (1 mg/kg) than did the group-housed rats regardless of the number of stress sessions. In conclusion, these results suggest that experiential factors such as privation of contact with peers (social isolation) may make rats more vulnerable to the long-term repercussions of chronic environmental and pharmacological challenges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245106
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