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  • defensive secretion  (6)
  • chemical defense  (5)
  • Arachnida  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical defense of a rare mint plant (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 30-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; insect repellent ; endangered species ; terpenes ; trans-pulegol ; Labiatae ; Dicerandra ; Pyralidae ; Pyrausta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analyses of leaf extracts ofDicerandra frutescens, a highly aromatic mint plant from central Florida listed as an endangered species, revealed presence of 12 closely related monoterpenes. The principal of these, (+)—trans-pulegol, is a new natural product, the synthesis of which is described. The terpenes are produced in glandular capsules that release their contents upon injury of the leaf. Data from bioassays with ants and cockroaches indicate that the terpenes serve for defense against insects.Dicerandra does, however, have a leaf-eating enemy, the caterpillar of a pyralid moth,Pyrausta panopealis. The discovery of a new natural product from an endangered species raises questions about the chemical implications of species extinction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240583
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical defense of a primitive Australian bombardier beetle (Carabidae):Mystropomus regularis (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: defensive secretion ; hot secretion ; elytral flanges ; evolution ; benzoquinones ; hydrocarbons ; bombardier beetle ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Paussinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Australian bombardier beetle,Mystropomus regularis, sprays a mixture of quinones (1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and hydrocarbons (principallyn-pentadecane). The defensive fluid ist generated explosively in two-chambered glands, and is ejected audibly and hot (maximal recorded temperature = 59°C).Mystropomus is a member of the paussoid lineage of bombardiers. In common with other members of the group, it has a pair of elytral flanges (flanges of Coanda), associated with the gland openings, that serve as launching guides for anteriorly-aimed ejections of spray. It is argued thatMystropomus may be the least derived of flanged paussoids, and the closest living relative of the most primitive of extant bombardiers (Metriini).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240663
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quinones and phenols in the defensive secretions of neotropical opilionids (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 321-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Quinones ; phenols ; defensive secretions ; Arachnida ; Opiliones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three quinones (2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone; 2,5-dimethyl 1,4-benzoquinone; and 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and two phenols (2,3-dimethylphenol and 2-methyl-5-ethylphenol) were isolated from the defensive secretions of four species of opilionids (suborder Laniatores) from the Canal Zone. Phenols had not previously been reported from opilionids, and 2-methyl-5-ethylphenol was not known as a natural product. The secretions, which are mixed with regurgitated enteric fluid upon discharge, are administered by the animals by leg dabbing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988447
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Necrodols: Anti-insectan terpenes from defensive secretion of carrion beetle (Necrodes surinamensis) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1407-1415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Silphidae ; Necrodes surinamensis ; carrion beetle ; monoterpenes ; iridoids ; necrodols ; defensive secretion ; insect repellent ; insect irritant ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two compounds recently isolated from the defensive gland ofNecrodes surinamensis, α-and β-necrodol, first representatives of a new category of monoterpenes (the necrodanes), are shown to be repellent to ants and other insects and irritating to cockroaches and flies. The compounds doubtless play a defensive role inNecrodes. The possible long-range applied significance of research on insect repellents is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012360
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Squirting and refilling: Dynamics ofp-benzoquinone production in defensive glands ofDiploptera punctata (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2823-2834 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diploptera punctata ; Orthoptera ; Blaberidae ; cockroach ; benzoquinone ; quinone ; chemical defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diploptera punctata, a Pacific islands cockroach, discharges a fine aerosol ofp-benzoquinones from a pair of tracheal glands in response to disturbance or CO2 anesthesia. In addition, the glands and their contents are shed at each molt. We measured the amount ofp-benzoquinones discharged in response to pinching and anesthesia and the filling of glands after discharge and molting. Roaches discharge highly variable amounts of quinones but appear to retain approximately 11% of their lifetime total benzoquinone content after repeated discharges. Roaches rapidly fill their glands after molting (18Μg quinone/day) but after discharging appear to refill at a much slower rate or not at all. This lack of refilling could result from an inability to produce quinones after a finite time period or in excess of a fixed quantity. The delayed accumulation ofp-benzoquinone with respect to the alkylated derivatives in newly molted adults suggests competition for aromatic amino acids between cuticular and defensive quinone synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979476
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integumental slime and wax secretion: Defensive adaptations of sawfly larvae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2743-2749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Symphyta ; Tenthredinidae ; predation ; chemical defense ; ants ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence is presented from predation tests with ants (Formica exsectoides) that the slimy coating ofCaliroa cerasi and the waxy investiture ofEriocampa ovata serve in defense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defensive substances of opilionids (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 511-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Quinones ; phenols ; defensive secretions ; Arachnida ; Opiliones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two quinones (2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and three phenols (2,3-dimethylphenol, 2-methyl-5-ethylphenol, and 2,3,4-trimethylphenol) were isolated from the defensive secretions of opilionids (Laniatores) from the Panama Canal Zone. The trimethylphenol was not previously reported as a natural product.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402927
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antifeedant action ofZ-dihydromatricaria acid from soldier beetles (Chauliognathus spp.) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1149-1158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dihydromatricaria acid ; antifeedant ; acetylenic acid ; Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus ; Coleoptera ; Cantharidae ; soldier beetles ; Phidippus ; jumping spider ; bioassay ; defensive secretion ; defensive behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The acetylenic acid,Z-dihydromatricaria acid (DHMA), previously isolated from the defensive secretion ofChauliognathus lecontei, and now shown to occur also inC. pennsylvanicus, is a potent feeding deterrent to jumping spiders (Phidippus spp.). A simple bioassay withPhidippus is described, which is generally applicable to studies dealing with the isolation and evaluation of feeding deterrency of natural products from insects. By use of this assay,Phidippus were shown to be sensitive to as little as 1 μg DHMA, an amount equivalent to less than 2% of the DHMA content ofC. pennsylvanicus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987634
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benzoyl cyanide and mandelonitrile in the cyanogenetic secretion of a centipede (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 421-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: cyanogenesis ; benzoyl cyanide ; mandelonitrile ; defensive secretion ; geophilomorph centipede
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Centipedes of the order Geophilomorpha produce a viscid odorous secretion that is effectively defensive against ants (Formica exsectoides). The secretion is proteinaceous and cyanogenetic. InGeophilus vittatus, the secretion contains two cyanogenetic compounds, mandelonitrile (I) and benzoyl cyanide (II), as well as two products derived from these compounds as a result of hydrogen cyanide production [benzaldehyde (III) and benzoic acid (IV)]. Benzoyl cyanide has not been reported previously from any natural source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988807
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal Anointment with Millipedes in a Wild Primate: A Chemical Defense Against Insects? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2781-2790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Capuchin monkey ; millipede ; benzoquinone ; anointment ; chemical defense ; insect deterrent ; carcinogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Members of a wild group of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus) intentionally anoint themselves with millipedes (Orthoporus dorsovittatus). Chemical analysis revealed these millipedes secrete two benzoquinones, compounds known to be potently repellent to insects. We argue that the secretion that rubs off on the monkeys in the course of anointment provides protection against insects, particularly mosquitoes (and the bot flies they transmit) during the rainy season. Millipede secretion is so avidly sought by the monkeys that up to four of them will share a single millipede. The anointment must also entail risks, since benzoquinones are toxic and carcinogenic. We suggest that for capuchins the immediate benefits of anointment outweigh the long-range costs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026489826714
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