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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (4)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (3)
  • Rodolia cardinalis  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 68-74 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Cryptochetum iceryae ; Erythrina corallodendrum ; Icerya purchasi ; Rodolia cardinalis ; Rodolia iceryae ; Spartium junceum ; biological control ; citrus
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; tri-trophic interactions ; alkaloids ; Homoptera ; Aphis craccivora ; Icerya spp. ; Lepidosaphes ulmi ; Planococcus citri ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ; Rodolia cardinalis ; Chilocorus bipustulatus ; Neuroptera ; Chrysopidae ; Chrysoperla carnea ; Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; Encyrtus infelix ; Leguminosae ; Erythrina corallodendrum ; Spartium junceum ; Citrus sinensis ; Euphorbia tirucalli ; Pittosporum tobira
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 17 (1980), S. 599-608 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio calculations of various expectation energies have been made for the reactant and product species in six reactions that involve only small linear molecules. The reactions include fission by hydrogen, addition of hydrogen, exchange of triply bonded atoms, fluorination, and oxygen atom transfer. The change in total electronic energy is not invariably the result of changes in inner shell energy and outer shell σ- and π-electron energies simply augmenting each other, but in several cases there is a complex interplay of opposing effects. This approach gives a different insight into the energetic aspects of changes in bonding from that derived from the concept of shared electron pairs in σ and π bonds together with lone pairs in valence shells. Changes in π-electron energy are shown to be important in a reaction in which neither reactant nor product molecules contain π bonds in the usual chemical sense. While in a reaction in which there is a complete change in the nature of the triple bonds, and hence the π bonding, the change in π-electron energy makes a smaller contribution than either the change in inner shell or the outer shell σ-electron energies.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 12 (1977), S. 61-81 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New, more accurate, Hartree-Fock limit energies (EHF) for ethane and ethylene are obtained from SCF total molecular energie using Ermler and Kern's procedure. These results, together with EHF values for other small closed shell molecules, are employed to calculate correlation energy (Ec) contributions to reaction heats. Cancellation to within 98% of the total Ec involved, and often to more than 99%, is found for a wide variety of chemical reactions, which strongly suggests that there are systematic regularities in the contribution to Ec from the different kinds of electron pairs in the valence shell. Assuming trictly localized pairs occupying orbitals having strongly directional character, Ec for the valence shell is evaluated in terms of Ec per lone pair, Ec per X—H bond, and Ec per X/X shared pair for Ne and for molecules containing first row atoms, where X is C, N, O, and F.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 13 (1978), S. 271-295 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The difference between the expectation values of the total electronic kinetic energy operator (ΔEK), and the operators accounting for the Coulombic interactions between the electrons and nuclei (ΔVen), between all pairs of electrons (ΔVee), and between all pairs of nuclei (ΔVnn) for the product and reactant species in a wide variety of hydrocarbon reactions are calculated using single determinant basis set data reported in the literature. Following Allen, their contributions to ΔET, the difference between the corresponding total molecular energies and thus the reaction heat, are grouped together as a repulsion energy term, ΔErep = ΔEK + ΔVee + ΔVnn, and an attraction energy term ΔEattr = ΔVen. For all but 2 of the 71 individual reactions considered in this paper, the experimental reaction heat at 0°K corrected for zero-point energy contributions, (ΔH00)zpe, is the result of near compensation between far larger ΔErep and ΔEattr terms, in sharp contrast to the much smaller ΔErep and ΔEattr terms which are characteristic of many molecular rotation processes. By matching the sign of (ΔH00)zpe with that of ΔErep or ΔEattr, as the case may be, the reactions are classified as attractive-dominant or repulsive-dominant (46 in the former class and 23 in the latter), a property which is independent of the direction in which the reaction is written. The sign and magnitude of ΔVee, ΔVnn, and ΔVen and reaction category are discussed in relation to the various kinds of structural change involved in going from reactants to products. For the vast majority of reactions, the numerical relationship ΔVee ≈ ΔVnn has been found to hold to within a few percent.
    Additional Material: 15 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 413-424 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two-toed sloths have evolved a wrist complex that includes the following traits: (1) diminution and distal migration of the pisiform, with a loss of contact with the ulna; (2) reduction of the distal end of the ulna to a styloid process; and (3) extremely reduced contact between the ulna and triquetrum. These traits were proposed by Lewis ('65, '74) to be indicative of brachiating habits and to be a unique adaptation of the Hominoidea. Cartmill and Milton ('77) recently found a similar complex in the wrists of the lorisines. Very similar adaptations of the wrist among the Hominoidea, lorisines, and two-toed sloths clearly refute contentions of Lewis and strengthen the hypothesis of Cartmill and Milton that the traits common to those animals are due to similar slow, cautious, but acrobatic locomotion.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 357-372 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Feet of two-toed sloths (Choloepus) are long, narrow, hook-like appendages with only three functional digits, numbers II, III, and IV; Rays I and V are represented by metatarsals. Proximal phalanges of complete digits are little more than proximal and distal articulating surfaces. All interphalangeal joints are restricted, by interlocking surfaces, to flexion and extension. Ankle and transverse tarsal joints, however, allow extreme flexion and inversion of foot. Powerful digital flexion is augmented by several muscles from extensor compartment of leg. Intrinsic foot musculature is reduced to flexors and extensors but these, with the exception of lumbricals, are large and well developed. Choloepus uses its feet much like hooks with distal phalanges and covering claws forming the “hook” element. These hook-like appendages are seemingly best suited for supports less than 50 mm in diameter suggesting that two-toed sloths may prefer supports of this size in their natural habitat.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 199-209 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Insect growth regulator ; natural enemies ; side effect ; scale insects ; Comperiella bifasciata ; Encyrtus infelix ; Cryptochaetum iceryae ; Rodolia cardinalis ; Chilocorus bipustulatus ; Elatophilus hebraicus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effects de quatre régulateurs de croissance d'insectes (buprofézine, fénoxycarbe, pyriproxyfène et chlorfluazuron) sur six ennemis naturels de cochenilles font l'objet, de cette étude, aux concentrations recommandées pour usage agricole. L'immersion dans la buprofézine n'a pas d'effet, appréciable sur la mortalité, l'oviposition et le développement deComperiella bifasciata (Howard) (Hym.: Encyrtidae). La mortalité des adultes d'Encyrtus infelix Embleton (Encyrtidae) exposés à des, hôtes traités avec de la buprofézine est faible; la buprofézine produit un certain effect négatif sur les stades immatures d'E. infelix quand ce produit est appliqué avant le parasitisme mais n'a pas d'effet lorsque le produit est appliqué après. Ce régulateur de croissance n'a qu'un faible effet sur les stades immatures deCryptochaetum iceryae Williston (Dipt.: Cryptochaetidae), alors que le fénoxycarbe et le pyriproxyfène ont un effet négatif sur le parasitisme et/ou le développement de la mouche parasitoïde. Aucune larve deRodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Col.: Coccinellidae) n'atteint le, stade adulte après application de buprofézine, fénoxycarbe ou pyriproxyféne. La buprofézine et le chlorfluazuron empêchent totalement l'éclosion des œufs deChilocorus bipustulatus L. (Col.: Coccinellidae). La buprofézine n'a pas d'effet, négatif sur l'éclosion des œufs et le développement larvaire d'Elatophilus hebraicus Péricart (Hem.: Anthocoridae); par contre le fénoxycarbe et le pyriproxyfène appliqués, sur les aiguilles de pin avant ou après l'oviposition empêchent totalement l'éclosion des œufs chez cette espèce.
    Notes: Abstract We report and discuss effects of four insect growth regulators: buprofezin, fenoxycarb pyriproxyfen and chlorfluazuron, at concentrations recommended for agricultural use on six species of natural enemies of homopteran pests. Dipping in buprofezin had no appreciable effect on adult mortality, oviposition and development ofComperiella bifasciata (Howard), (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). When exposed to hosts treated with buprofezin, percentage mortality of adultEncyrtus infelix Embleton (Encyrtidae) was low; buprofezin had some detrimental effect on immature stages ofE. infelix when applied prior to parasitization, but not when introduced after parasitization. Buprofezin had a slight effect on the immature stages ofCryptochaetum iceryae Williston (Diptera: Cryptochaetidae), while fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen had marked detrimental effects on parasitization and/or development of the parasitoid fly. None of the larvae ofRodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) developed into adults after application of buprofezin, fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen. Buprofezin and chlorfluazuron completely prevented egg hatch ofChilocorus bipustulatus L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Buprofezin did not adversely affect egg hatch and larval development ofElatophilus hebraicus Pericart (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae); fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen applied either before or after oviposition on pine needles caused total suppression of egg hatch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hands of two-toed sloths (Choloepus) are long, narrow, hook-like apparatuses with only two functional digits (II and III); rays I and IV are represented only by metacarpals. The proximal phalanges of digits II and III are shortened to essentially proximal and distal articulating surfaces, and all but distal interphalangeal joints of these digits are restricted by interlocking surfaces to minimal ranges of flexion and extension. Several intercarpal joints and the wrist joint, however, allow wide ranges of movement in several axes. Wide excursion at the wrist is permitted by an extremely lax joint capsule, the manner of insertion of several prime movers of the carpus, and the reduced participation of the ulna in the wrist joint. Several extrinsic digital muscles, particularly extensors, are absent and others have unusual actions. Intrinsic musculature consists primarily of mm. interossei and m. extensor digitorum brevis, although other, inconstant muscles do occur. Hands of Choloepus are used as flexible hooks on supports less than 52 mm in diameter and as fixed grapnels on larger supports. In both cases, distal phalanges (and covering claws) form the “hook” element. Whereas bare volar pads seem to be adjunctive on supports smaller than 52 mm in diameter, they are essential on those larger than 65 mm. Two-toed sloths may prefer supports 50 mm in diameter or smaller. The potential importance of vines as supports is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 27 (1946), S. 69-85 
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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