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  • Taurine  (5)
  • Glycine  (2)
  • Auditory brainstem  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An atlas of glycine- and GABA-like immunoreactivity and colocalization in the cochlear nuclear complex of the guinea pig (1992)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 186 (1992), S. 443-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Auditory brainstem ; Neurotransmitters ; Immunohistochemistry ; Densitometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and colocalization of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and glycine-like immunoreactivity in the cochlear nuclear complex of the guinea pig have been studied to produce a light microscopic atlas. The method used was based on post-embedding immunocytochemistry in pairs of 0.5-μm-thick plastic sections treated with polyclonal antibodies against conjugated GABA and glycine respectively. Immunoreactive cells, presumably short axon neurones, predominated in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, with mostly single-GABA-labelled cells in the superficial layer, double-labelled in the middle, and single-glycine-labelled in the deep layers. A few large single-glycine-labelled cells, interpreted as commissural neurons, occurred in the ventral nucleus. Scattered double-labelled cells, probably Golgi cells, were seen in the granule cell domain. Immunolabelled puncta of all three staining categories occurred in large numbers throughout the complex, apposed to somata and in the neuropil, showing a differential distribution onto different types of neuron. Three immunolabelled tracts were noted: the tuberculoventral tract, the commissural acoustic stria, and the trapezoidal descending fibres. Most of the fibres in these tracts were single-labelled for glycine, although in the last mentioned tract single-GABA- and double-labelled fibres were also found. Some of the immunolabelled cell types described here are proposed as the origins of the similarly labelled puncta and fibres on the basis of known intrinsic connections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185459
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taurine in the hippocampal formation of the Senegalese baboon, Papio papio: an immunocytochemical study with an antiserum against conjugated taurine (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 457-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Taurine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hippocampus ; Baboon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum raised against taurine conjugated to bovine serum albumin by glutaraldehyde produced intense staining of hippocampal pyramidal neurons at the CA1/CA3 transition (including CA2) and of a small proportion of the granule cells. Strongly immunoreactive neurons were also found in a zone overlapping the second reflected blade in the hilus. Most glial cells were unlabeled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261334
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycine-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellum of rat and Senegalese baboon, Papio papio: a comparison with the distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity and with [3H]glycine and [3H]GABA uptake (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 211-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glycine ; GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cerebellum ; Golgi cells ; Colocalization ; Rat ; Baboon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum against conjugated glycine was characterized and applied to cerebellar sections of rats and baboons that had been perfusion-fixed with glutaraldehyde. After immunosorbent purification the serum reacted with brain protein-glutaraldehyde-glycine conjugates, but did not stain similar test conjugates prepared from other amino acids, including GABA and β-alanine. In the rat cerebellum the glycine antiserum selectively labelled a subpopulation of Golgi neurons. Adjacent Vibratome sections treated with an antiserum against conjugated GABA revealed an about equally large subpopulation of immunopositive Golgi cells. A proportion of the Golgi cells that were cleaved by the plane of section contained both immunoreactivities. Additional evidence for a colocalization of glycine and GABA was obtained by postembedding staining of alternate semithin sections with the GABA antiserum and glycine antiserum, respectively. The ability of the antisera to distinguish between fixed glycine and GABA was corroborated by preincubation of the antisera with glutaraldehyde-amino acid fixation complexes: glycine complexes abolished staining with the glycine antiserum but had no effect on the GABA antiserum. The opposite effects were obtained with the GABA complexes. Matching the distributions of the respective immunoreactivities, [3H]glycine uptake was restricted to glomerulus-like structures in the granule cell layer whereas [3H]GABA uptake also occurred in punctate and fibrous profiles in the molecular layer. The baboon showed a distribution of glycine-like immunoreactivity similar to that in the rat, except that a few immunopositive neurons occurred in the molecular layer. The latter neurons were interpreted as outlying Golgi neurons; however, the possibility that they represent a subpopulation of basket cells could not be excluded. The Purkinje cells were negative in both species. Glial cells were weakly stained with the glycine antiserum but were strongly immunopositive after incubation with an antiserum raised against conjugates of the structurally similar amino acid β-alanine. The present data suggest that glycine and GABA occur in about equally large subpopulations of Golgi neurons. A subpopulation of the Golgi neurons appears to contain both glycine and GABA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236216
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABA, glycine, glutamate, aspartate and taurine in the perihypoglossal nuclei: an immunocytochemical investigation in the cat with particular reference to the issue of amino acid colocalization (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 345-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Perihypoglossal nuclei ; Glutamate ; Aspartate ; Glycine ; GABA ; Taurine ; Colocalization ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differential distribution of glutamate (Glu), aspartate (Asp), glycine (Gly), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and taurine (Tau) was investigated in the cat's perihypoglossal nuclei. Serial semi-thin (0.5 μm) sections through the perihypoglossal nuclei were incubated with antisera raised against the mentioned amino acids with the aim of studying possible co-localization. In each experiment different measures were undertaken in order to screen for possible cross-reactivities, and all sections were processed together with test conjugates in order to ascertain the specificity of the antisera used. A very high proportion of the neurons in the perihypoglossal nuclei (about 90%) shows strong immunostaining for Asp and also displays distinct immunoreactivity for Glu in neighbouring sections. About 25% of the cells in the perihypoglossal nuclei are intensely immunostained for Gly, but very few cells show immunoreactivity for GABA. Only glial cells appear to be immunostained for Tau. Neurons that are Gly(+) also display Glu and Asp immunoreactivities. The neuropil of the perihypoglossal nuclei shows a high density of GABA(+), Gly(+) and Glu(+) puncta mainly representing stained axons and terminals. Fewer Asp(+) puncta and very few Tau(+) nerve terminal-like puncta are seen. Details of the regional distribution of immunopositive neurons and puncta within the perihypoglossal nuclei are described. The findings are discussed with particular reference to the possible role of the mentioned amino acids as transmitter substances in the known synaptic circuitry of the perihypoglossal nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228906
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential cellular distribution of two sulphur-containing amino acids in rat cerebellum (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 90 (1992), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Homocysteic acid ; Cerebellum ; Taurine ; Glial cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum to homocysteic acid was raised in rabbits. Immunogens were prepared by coupling this amino acid to bovine serum albumin by means of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. When applied to semithin or ultrathin sections of rat cerebellum, the antiserum produced selective labelling of glial cells and processes, including the Bergmann fibers. No enrichment of immunoreactivity was detected in nerve terminals of the major excitatory fiber systems. The distribution of homocysteic acid-like immunoreactivity was very different from that of taurine (another sulphur-containing amino acid), as judged from consecutive semithin sections labelled with a postembedding immunoperoxidase procedure and from ultrathin sections labelled with a postembedding double immunogold procedure. Taurine-like immunoreactivity was concentrated in Purkinje cells and was low in glial elements. Our data suggest that the cerebellum contains a glial pool of homocysteic acid (and/or precursors that may undergo spontaneous oxidation to homocysteic acid) and that this amino acid is unlikely to act as a cerebellar transmitter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229251
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical evidence suggests that taurine is colocalized with GABA in the Purkinje cell terminals, but that the stellate cell terminals predominantly contain GABA: a light- and electronmicroscopic study of the rat cerebellum (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 407-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Taurine ; GABA ; Colocalization ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributions of taurine-like and GABA-like immunoreactivities in the rat cerebellum were compared by analysis of consecutive semithin and ultrathin sections, postembedding labeled with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique or with an indirect immunogold procedure, respectively. Taurine-like immunoreactivity was selectively enriched in Purkinje cell bodies, dendrites and spines, and boutons in the cerebellar nuclei exhibiting ultrastructural features typical of Purkinje cell terminals. The stellate and basket cell bodies and terminals were very weakly labeled. A computer assisted quantitative assessment of the net immunogold labeling revealed that the mean gold particle density in the Purkinje cell terminals was about 70% higher than that in the Purkinje cell dendrites, and about 14 times higher than that in the stellate/basket cell terminals in the molecular layer. Stellate, basket and Purkinje cell terminals emerged as intensely immunoreactive in adjacent sections processed with an antiserum against conjugated GABA. These findings indicate, contrary to recent electrophysiological data, that GABA is a more likely transmitter candidate than taurine in the stellate cells. The apparent colocalization of GABA and taurine in the terminals of Purkinje cells raises the possibility that these terminals are capable of releasing two different inhibitory amino acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250262
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical and circadian biochemical analysis of neuroactive amino acids in the pineal gland of the rat: effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 515-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Pinealocytes ; Glutamate ; Glutamine ; Taurine ; Circadian rhythm ; Superior cervical sympathectomy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Semiquantitative immunocytochemistry by immuno-gold techniques revealed differences in the spatial distribution of glutamate, glutamine, and taurine within the pineal gland, with greatest labeling over pinealocytes, glia, and endothelia, respectively. At the subcellular level, glutamate labeling tended to be highest over pinealocyte synaptic ribbons and mitochondria, and lowest over lipid inclusions. Pineal levels of glutamate, glutamine and taurine, as measured by high performance liquid chromatography, did not vary over a light: dark cycle. Superior cervical sympathetic denervation, which abolishes pineal melatonin synthesis, resulted in a nearly 50% reduction in pineal glutamate levels, but had no effect on levels of glutamine and taurine. Other amino acids (alanine, arginine, aspartate, serine) were reduced by 23%–33% following sympathectomy. These data suggest an important role for glutamate in pinealocyte function(s) possibly related to the noradrenergic innervation of the gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353906
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