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  • Azathioprine  (1)
  • CSF dissemination  (1)
  • Key words Emulsion type  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 276 (1998), S. 945-948 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Emulsion type ; amphiphilic polymer ; polyelectrolyte ; polymeric surfactant ; balanced copolymers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Highly hydrophobically modified (with n-dodecylamide chain) linear poly(acrylic acid)s (HHMPAAH) and poly(sodium acrylate)s (HHMPAANa) with various degrees of grafting (τ) were synthesized and used as emulsifiers of the n-dodecane/water system. The type of emulsion, oil in water (O/W) or water in oil (W/O), was investigated as a function of the polymer chemical structure (τ, salt or acid form of the copolymer) and aqueous phase electrolyte concentration (NaNO3). Increasing τ and/or salt concentration was found to favor the formation of inverse emulsions. Direct liquid–liquid dispersions are more likely to form with poly(sodium acrylate)s than with poly(acrylic acid)s. Hence, field variables such as τ, pH and ionic strength are relevant parameters to control emulsion type. Moreover, a balanced polyelectrolyte neither soluble in oil nor in water was synthesized for the first time. With this original emulsifier, the dispersion type was found to change from O/W to W/O with polymer salting out. The work provides convenient model system for fundamental studies of polymer conformation at liquid–liquid interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Azathioprine ; PBMNC subsets ; sVCAM-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The long-term immunological effects of azathioprine treatment have been investigated in 8 multiple sclerosis patients with different course of disease, chronic progressive (CP) or relapsing progressive (RP). We studied fluctuations in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets, IgG, IgM and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), before and after 2 (T24) and 3 (T36) years of therapy. We observed a significant decrease in CD8+ cells over time and a trend to lower percentage of CD3−CD56+ cells at T24 and T36. CD4+CD45RA+ cells in MS patients were lower than in healthy controls before therapy and reached values similar to those of healthy controls at T24 and T36. The remaining immunological parameters did not show any significant fluctuations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: CNS tumors ; CSF dissemination ; Immunotherapy ; NK activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario 8 pazienti con tumore del sistema nervoso centrale con disseminazioni via liquido cefalo-rachidiano, sono stati sottoposti ad immunoterapia con rIL-2 secondo tre diversi schemi di trattamento che contemplavano la somministrazione intratecale seguita o no da somministrazione per via sistemica. Sono stati valutati alcuni parametri immunologici tra cui: citometria liquorale, percentuale di cellule CD3− CD56+ ed attività Natural Killer (NK) sia nel liquor che nel sangue. Nonostante vi fosse una marcata variabilità interindividuale nella risposta immunologica al trattamento, il protocollo che procurava il più marcato aumento della citometria liquorale comprendeva la somministrazione intratecale giornaliera di rIL-2. Il trattamento con rIL-2 per via intratecale — a prescindere dallo schema di somministrazione — induceva un aumento dell'attività NK nel sangue. La somministrazione di rIL-2 per via sistemica, in seguito al trattamento intratecale, era in grado di mantenere una elevata percentuale di cellule CD3− CD56+ nel liquor, ma non di mantenere l'elevata citometria. Le condizioni cliniche erano, alla fine del trattamento, migliorate in due pazienti, peggiorate in uno e sostanzialmente invariate negli altri. Gli effetti collaterali del trattamento erano principalmente febbre, stato confusionale e convulsioni.
    Notes: Abstract Eight patients affected by central nervous system tumours disseminating via cerebrospinal fluid received rIL-2 immunotherapy according to three different protocols involving intrathecal administration followed or not by systemic infusion. Immunological monitoring included serial evaluation of CSF leukocytes, CSF and peripheral blood CD3− CD56+ cells, and NK activity. The most marked rise in CSF leukocyte levels was induced by daily intrathecal rIL2 administration, which also induced increased PB NK activity. Systemic rIL2 infusion following intrathecal treatment maintained a high percentage of CSF CD3− CD56+ cells, but not CSF leukocytes at high levels. Clinical conditions improved after treatment in two patients, worsened in one and remained substantially unchanged in the remaining five. The side effects of intrathecal rIL2 treatment included fever, confusion, and seizures, and there were marked interindividual variations in the immunological response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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