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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4)
  • host recognition  (3)
  • Bacillus thuringiensis  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Priming Aphytis: behavioral modification of host selection by exposure to a synthetic contact kairomone (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphytis melinus ; kairomone ; O-caffeoyltyrosine ; host recognition ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The introduced parasitoid, Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), utilizes a kairomone, O-caffeoyltyrosine, to recognize California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Wasps used in augmentative release programs for California red scale on California citrus are reared on oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (Homoptera: Diaspididae), themselves reared on squash. The goals of this study were: 1) to determine if long-term rearing on oleander scale had caused A. melinus to develop a preference for oleander scale, and 2) to determine if the preference of oleander-reared A. melinus for California red scale might be enhanced by exposing them to synthetic O-caffeoyltyrosine prior to release. Wasps that were removed from their hosts as pupae and allowed to emerge as adults isolated from their hosts retained a strong preference for California red scale regardless of rearing host. This preference was reduced if wasps were allowed to emerge from oleander scale, thus acquiring early adult experience with oleander scale. The preference for California red scale was restored, however, by exposing wasps reared on oleander scale to synthetic O-caffeoyltyrosine prior to bioassay. Exposure of A. melinus reared in commercial insectaries to O-caffeoyltyrosine prior to release may be a means to improve the effectiveness of such wasps in augmentative release programs to control California red scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193445
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased parasitization of California red scale in the field after exposing its parasitoid, Aphytis melinus, to a synthetic kairomone (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: O-caffeoyltyrosine ; host recognition ; learning ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The introduced parasitoid, Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), utilizes a kairomone, O-caffeoyltyrosine, to recognize California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Wasps used in augmentative release programs for California red scale on California citrus are reared on oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (Homoptera: Diaspididae), themselves reared on squash. Previous laboratory studies demonstrated that wasps reared on oleander scale but exposed to O-caffeoyltyrosine before bioassay more readily accepted California red scale covers for probing than wasps reared similarly but not exposed to O-caffeoyltyrosine. The goal of this study was to determine if wasps reared on oleander scale but exposed to O-caffeoyltyrosine actually parasitized a greater number of field-reared California red scale than unconditioned wasps. In order to distinguish between progeny of conditioned and unconditioned wasps in the field, we utilized two A.melinus strains that carried different electrophoretically distinguishable alleles. In half of the releases, Strain ‘A’ was conditioned to O-caffeoyltyrosine and Strain ‘B’ served as the control, while this pattern of conditioning was reversed for the remaining releases. Although there were differences in the rates of population growth of the two strains, whichever strain was the conditioned strain left a greater than expected number of progeny compared to the control strain in all comparisons. Exposure of A. melinus reared in commercial insectaries to O-caffeoyltyrosine prior to release may be a means to improve the effectiveness of such wasps in augmentative release programs to control California red scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002910400320
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental variation in physical and chemical cues used by the parasitic wasp,Aphytis melinus, for host recognition (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphytis melinus ; Aonidiella aurantii ; kairomone ; O-caffeyoyltyrosine ; host recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract O-caffeoyltyrosine is a host recognition kairomone forAphytis melinus DeBach (Aphelinidae) found in the covers of its host, California red scale,Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Diaspidae). This study tests the hypothesis that the concentration ofO-caffeoyltyrosine and scale cover size are reliable indicators of scale body size, an important component of host quality forA. melinus, over a range of scale rearing conditions. Both scale cover area andO-caffeoyltyrosine concentrations were only qualitatively related to scale body size during the third instar, the scale life stage most suitable forA. melinus. Scale cover area andO-caffeoyltyrosine concentrations were reduced, relative to scale body size, when scale were reared on bark and leaves compared to fruits. Scale cover area andO-caffeoyltyrosine concentration were also relatively reduced when scales were reared in mid-summer compared to spring and fall, and when reared on orange cultivars compared to lemon cultivars in the field. Finally, scale cover area andO-caffeoyltyrosine concentration were reduced when scale were reared at 52% compared to 100% humidity in the laboratory. Scales appear to be chemically conspicuous toA. melinus for a short period of the time in which they are physiologically susceptible. Scales that minimize their cover size and maximize the incorporation rate ofO-caffeoyltyrosine into covers may minimize their conspicuousness toA. melinus. Minimizing scale cover size, but not necessarily incorporation rates, may make scales more vulnerable to predators, however.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383544
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of genetic and environmental host plant variation on the susceptibility of two noctuids toBacillus thuringiensis (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 165-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; host plant resistance ; seasonal variation ; Spodoptera exigua ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TwoApium graveolens var.rapaceum (L.) cultivars that differ in their suitability for the survival and growth ofSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) andTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) were used to examine the effect of genetic and seasonal environmental variation in host plant suitability on the efficacy ofBacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki (Berliner). The effects of host plant genotype andB. thuringiensis were generally independent, so thatB. thuringiensis efficacy was greatest on the resistant host plant cultivar. Host plant suitability varied within growing season for both insect species but, while host plant suitability decreased with increasing plant age forT. ni, the response ofS. exigua to plant age was not as clear. Within season variation in host plant suitability affectedB. thuringiensis efficacy and the interaction betweenB. thuringiensis and host plant cultivar forS. exigua but not forT. ni. Soluble protein and Folin-Denis phenolic concentrations of host plant tissue were not correlated with changes in host plant suitability to either insect species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380524
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence-dependent conformations of DNA duplexes: The TATA segment of the d(G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C) duplex in aqueous solution (1986)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 25 (1986), S. 693-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The base and sugar protons of the d(G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C) duplex have been assigned from two-dimensional correlated (COSY) and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOESY) measurements in D2O solution at 25°C. The nucleic acid protons have been assigned from NOEs between protons on adjacent bases on the same and partner strands, as well as from NOEs between the base protons and their own and 5′-flanking H1′, H2′, H2″, H3′, and H4′ sugar protons. These assignments are confirmed from coupling constant and NOE connectivities within the sugar protons of a given residue. Several of these NOEs exhibit directionality and demonstrate that the d(G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C) duplex is a right-handed helix. The relative magnitude of the NOEs between the base protons and the sugar H2′ protons of its own and 5′-flanking sugar demonstrate that the TATA segment of the d(G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C) duplex adopts a B-DNA type helix geometry in solution, in contrast to the previous observation of a A-type helix for the same octanucleotide duplex in the crystalline state.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360250412
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phthalide-based host-plant resistance toSpodoptera exigua andTrichoplusia ni inApium graveolens (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 709-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; phthalide ; sedanenolide ; celeriac ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; tritrophic interaction ; beet armyworm ; cabbage looper ; Apium graveolens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A chemical basis for the difference in suitability between two celeriac (Apium graveolens var.rapaceum) cultivars for the survival and growth ofSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) andTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) was identified as sedanenolide (3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydro-isobenzofuranone). Sedanenolide was isolated using a bioassay-driven extraction and purification procedure and was identified using several spectrometric methods. Foliar concentrations of sedanenolide were negatively correlated with larval performance and were significantly higher in the cultivar less suitable for larval survival and growth. Sedanenolide andBacillus thuringiensis Berliner acted additively in reducing larval growth when combined in artificial diets, a result that is consistent with previous studies in which the combined effect of host plant cultivar andB. thuringiensis on larval survival and growth were additive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059608
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual porosity in polymeric latex films (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 38 (1989), S. 557-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solubility and diffusivity measurements of a probe gas (CO2), which has an inherently low solubility in the polymer, have been used to characterize residual porosity in polymeric latex films. Sorption isotherms resembling those of a glassy polymer were obtained, even though the glass transition temperature of the polymer was 1°C, about 30°C below the experimental temperature. Solvent cast films of the same polymer exhibited much lower solubilities, and followed the expected Henry's law behavior. CO2 solubility and diffusivity were found to decrease with aging time for the latex films, but did not quite reach the values of the solvent cast films, even after 75 days at room temperature. The sorption data could be described by the dual-mode sorption model, which is commonly employed in the analysis of glassy polymer sorption isotherms. Estimates of the amount of porosity were made from the sorption data, and values ranging from 0.6-0.03% were obtained for latex films aged from 62 h to 75 days, respectively. Our results suggest that permeability differences noted by others for latex and solvent cast films of the same polymer are due to the substantial solubility differences for low-solubility penetrants in these two types of films.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070380315
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of methods of determining fracture parameters for a glassy polymer: Poly(methyl methacrylate) (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4517-4528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fracture criteria for the brittle fracture of a glassy thermoplastic, poly(methyl methacrylate), have been evaluated using three test piece geometries; the double cantilever beam (DCB), three-point bend (TPB), and compact tension (CT). For the DCB good agreement is obtained with published estimates of the fracture parameters using either a compliance calibration calculation for the critical energy release rate, G1c, or a polynomial function for the critical stress intensity factor, K1c. Anamolously high values of G1c or K1c were obtained using the TPB test piece. These high values of K1c may be partially due to the difficulty of “sharpening” the crack, but there is a test piece size effect which also contributes to the over estimation of K1c. For the CT test piece use of either a new compliance calibration for the determination of G1c or a standard polynomial function for K1c, good agreement was obtained with our own DCB and other published data. The range of applicability of the CT test geometry is discussed critically, and with some reservations it is considered suitable for the evaluation of either G1c or K1c.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301202
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multienzyme containing tissue-based and ferrocene-mediated bioelectrode for the determination of polyamines (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 4 (1992), S. 521-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Tissue electrode ; polyamine ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oat seedling tissue and ferrocene/ferricinium were coimmobilized in a carbon paste matrix to construct a biosensor for polyamines. The oat tissue is rich in the enzymes polyamine oxidase and peroxidase while the mediator facilitates electron transfer between the electrode and hydrogen peroxide. The determination of the polyamines spermine and spermidine, in both batch and flow injection modes, was evaluated. The concentration of polyamine was monitored through hydrogen peroxide in the presence of oxygen as cosubstrate of polyamine oxidase. A reductive potential of 0.0 V was chosen for monitoring ferricinium which is generated by peroxidase. The detection limit (S/N = 3) for spermidine and spermine in the batch system was 0.19 and 1.15 μM, respectively. The relative standard deviation for twelve replicate analyses of 10 μM spermidine was 4.5%. The activity of the tissue modified carbon paste electrode decreased to 45% of the original value after a storage for 8 days in buffer solution at 4°C.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140040502
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