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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 225 (1978), S. 15-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Chorionic plate ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Cytotrophoblast ; Menschliche Placenta ; Chorionplatte ; Enzymhistochemie ; Cytotrophoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chorionplatte der normalen, reifen, menschlichen Placenta wurde lichtmikroskopisch und enzymhistochemisch untersucht. Dabei wurden in den verschiedenen Schichten folgende Befunde erhoben: Der Enzymbesatz desAmnionepithels weist auf eine sekretorische Leistung hin. Die Frage nach einer resorptiven Tätigkeit bleibt unklar. Die Zellen desAmnionmesoderms zeigen im wesentlichen nur die Enzyme eines Erhaltungsstoffwechsels.Der Zwischenschicht aus Mesothelzellen kommt darüber hinaus noch phagocytierende Aktivität zu. DasChorionplattenmesoderm besteht aus mehreren Schichten mit Bindegewebszellen unterschiedlichen Differenzierungsgrades. Sie haben sich in der frühen Embryonalzeit aus derprimären Cytotrophoblastlage amnionwärts entwickelt und beziehen aus deren Resten bis zum Geburtstermin noch zellulären Nachschub. Das Enzymmuster der primären Cytotrophoblastzellen weist dementsprechend mit einer starken G6PDH-Aktivität auf Proliferations- und Differenzierungsvorgänge hin. Ein Teil der in den Langhansschen Fibrinoidstreifen eingemauerten X-Zellen stammt ebenfalls von dieser primären Cytotrophoblastlage ab; teilweise haben sie sich aber auch aus den Langhanszellen eingemauerter Zotten differenziert. Der unterschiedlichen Herkunft entsprechend zeigen diese Zellen ein sehr variierendes Enzymmuster. Die Begrenzung der Chorionplatte gegen den intervillösen Raum bildet eine rudimentäre, inkonstant ausgebildete, enzymatisch wechselnd aktiveSyncytiotrophoblastlage.
    Notes: Summary The chorionic plate of the normal mature human placenta was studied by light-microscopy and enzyme-histochemistry. Thereby the following findings were obtained in the various layers: The enzyme content of theamniotic epithelium refers to a secretory activity. The question with regard to a resorbent activity remains unclarified. The cells of theamnion mesoderm chiefly show the enzymes of the intermediary metabolism.The intermediate layer consists of mesothelium cells which furthermore have also phagocytotic activity.The chorionic plate mesoderm consists of several layers with connective tissue cells of diverse stage of differentiation. In the early embryonic phase they differentiate amnionward from the primary cytotrophoblast layer and still get cellular supply from residual primary cytotrophoblastic cells up to the date of birth. The enzymes of the primary cytotrophoblast cells refer accordingly with a strong activity of G6PDH to proliferation and differentiation. One part of the X-cells embedded in theLanghans fibrinoid stria descends from this primary cytotrophoblast layer; but in part they differentiate also from the Langhans cells of the placental villi surrounded by the fibrinoid stria. According to their different descent, these cells show a varying content of enzymes. The bordering of the chorionic plate to the intervillous space is represented by a rudimentary,syncytotrophoblast layer.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 213 (1973), S. 399-417 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Placenta ; Basal plate ; Chemodifferentation ; Decidua ; Connective tissue cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe enzymhistochemischer Untersuchungen an Semidünnschnitten wird die Entwicklung der endometrialen Stromazelle schrittweise verfolgt. Unter starker Dickenzunahme und Längenwachstum geht sie über mehrere Zwisehenformen (große Reticulumzelle, Prädeciduazelle — diese zeichnet sich durch eine sehr starke Aktivität der 17β-OH-Steroiddehydrogenase aus —) in Deciduazellen über. Aus jedem Entwicklungsstadium der Deciduazellen kann es zur Degeneration und zur fibrinoiden Umwandlung kommen. Von den mütterlichen Reticulumzellen unterscheiden sich die fetalen Bindegewebszellen durch die hohe Aktivität der Leucinaminopeptidase. Herkunft und Funktion der enzymatisch sehr aktiven vacuolisierten Bindegewebszellformen sind noch unklar. Es bestehen Hinweise für eine Verwandtschaft mit den Hofbauerzellen des Zottenstromas.
    Notes: Summary Cytodifferentiation of the endometrial stromacell is studied by means of enzyme histochemical investigation of epon embedded material. Becoming thicker and longer they form large reticulum cells and later predecidua cells, which are characterized by high activity of 17β-OH-steroiddehydrogenase. Finally they are transformed to decidua cells. A finer classification of decidua cells is possible according to their enzymatic pattern. From each stage of development degeneration and fibrinoid transformation can occur. In contrast to fetal connective tissue cells maternal reticulum cells show high activity of leucinaminopeptidase. Origin and function of vacuolized connective tissue cells — probably a specialized typ of stromacell — with high enzyme activity are still unknown. There is some evidence for a relationship to Hofbauer cells.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Basal Plate ; Cytotrophoblast ; Decidua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Basalplatte der reifen menschlichen Placenta besteht aus folgenden Schichten: Bedeckender Syncytiotrophoblast, oberflächlicher Bindegewebsstreifen, X-Zellage, Nitabuchscher Fibrinoidstreifen, Decidua. Aus den oberen drei Lagen entsteht bei Degeneration das Rohrsche Fibrinoid. Bei fehlendem oder unvollständigem Nitabuchschen Fibrinoidstreifen kann es zu einer weitgehenden Aufhebung dieses Schichtbaues, vor allem zu einer Durchmischung der X-Zellen mit den Deciduazellen kommen. Die einzelnen Zellformen werden beschrieben und nach ihrer Struktur gegliedert. Dabei ergeben sich Übergangsformen zwischen “hellen Zellen” und X-Zellen. Sie werden deswegen als unterschiedliche Differenzierungsstadien der gleichen Zellart angesehen. Strukturelle Gründe sprechen dafür, daß es sich um Trophoblastzellen handelt. Auch die Bindegewebszellen und die Deciduazellen werden nach den Formen gegliedert. Ausreichende Anhaltspunkte für die Funktion der Zellen liegen nicht vor.
    Notes: Summary The basal plate of the mature human placenta is composed of following layers: covering syncytiotrophoblast, superficial connective tissue layer, x-cell layer, fibrinoid layer of Nitabuch, decidua. The fibrinoid of Rohr originates from the degeneration of the upper three layers. If the fibrinoid layer of Nitabuch is lacking or incomplete, an almost complete abolition of this layer structure may result, especially an intermingling of the x-cells with to their structure. Intermediary types between “clear cells” and x-cells are found. Consequently, they are taken as different levels of differentiation of the same cell type. Structural reasons advocate their trophoblastic origin. The connective tissue cells and the decidual cells, too, are classified according to their structure. Sufficient criteria for the function of these cells are not yet existent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 185-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Basal Plate ; Cytotrophoblast ; Decidua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Basalplatte der reifen menschlichen Placenta laufen Zellreifung und Zelluntergang nebeneinander ab. Man findet bei verschiedenen Zellarten alle Zwischenstadien von undifferenzierten Stammzellen bis zu degenerierenden Formen. Die enzymhistochemische Untersuchung dieses Gewebes ermöglicht innerhalb des Cytotrophoblasten die Darstellung von drei Entwicklungsreihen: Der primär basale Cytotrophoblast stammt von Zellen ab, die schon während der frühen Schwangerschaft in die Basalplatte eingewandert sind. Diese Zellen differenzieren sich überwiegend zu homogenen X-Zellen (a). Es gibt Hinweise dafür, daß sie endokrin aktiv sind. In Regionen intensiver Durchmischung mit der Decidua entwickeln sich stark vakuolisierte X-Zellen (b). Sie zeichnen sich durch den Gehalt an saurer Phosphatase aus. Es kann sich um eine immunologisch aktive Zellform handeln. Der sekundär basale Cytotrophoblast (c) dringt während der späteren Schwangerschaft aus eingemauerten Zellsäulen und Zotten in die Basalplatte ein. Von den anderen X-Zellen unterscheidet er sich durch die vorübergehende Aktivität von alkalischer Phosphatase. Hinweise auf seine Funktion liegen nicht vor. Nach Verlust der aP gleicht er sich den anderen X-Zellen an. Alle drei Entwicklungsreihen gehen über gleichartige Zwischenstufen zugrund. Bindegewebs- und Deciduazellen unterscheiden sich histochemisch von den Trophoblastzellen vor allem durch eine schwächere Aktivität der Glucose-6-Phosphat-Dehydrogenase. Auch diese beiden Zellgruppen reagieren in sich uneinheitlich. Eine Gliederung nach Reifungsstadium und Differenzierungsweg ist bislang aber nicht möglich.
    Notes: Summary Cell maturation and cell degeneration take place at the same time in the basal plate of the mature human placenta. For the different cell types all intermediary stages from undifferentiated stem cells up to degenerating types are found. The enzyme-histochemical investigation of this tissue makes it possible to demonstrate three series of development within the cytotrophoblast: The primarily basal cytotrophoblast originates from cells which have invaded the basal plate already during early pregnancy. These cells mainly differentiate into homogeneous x-cells (a). It is suggested that they have endocrine function. In regions of intensive intermingling with decidual cells vacuolized x-cells appear (b). They are characterized by their content of acid phosphatase. This cell type may have immunological activity. The secondarily basal cytotrophoblast (c) penetrates into the basal plate during later pregnancy out of cell columns and attached villi. It differs from the other x-cells by the transitory activity of alkaline phosphatase. Its function is not clear as yet. After the loss of its alkaline phosphatase it develops into normal x-cells. All three series of development degenerate via identical intermediary stages. Connective tissue cells and decidual cells differ from the trophoblastic cells most characteristically by less activity of the glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase. Both cell groups however do not show uniform enzymatic reactions. A classification corresponding to stages of maturation and course of differentiation has not been successful up to date.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 105-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Villous stroma ; Fixed stromal cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In human placental villi the connective tissue is constructed by mesenchymal cells, small and large reticulum cells and fibroblasts. During early pregnancy mesenchymal cells dominate; starting with the third month of gestation the reticulum cells are in the majority within the terminal villi, the fibroblasts within the stem villi. Ultrastructurally intermediary types of cells can be differentiated. Together with reticular and collagenous fibres the reticulum cells form the basic architecture of the villous stroma during the first 2/3 of gestation: the “reticular type of stroma”. This consists of a network of cells and fibres with fetal vessels fitted in between. The remaining interspaces form a fluid system of compartments in which Hofbauer cells are suspended. They are called stromal channels. During the last trimester these channels and the Hofbauer cells as well are progressively replaced either by voluminous masses of fibres (“fibrous type of stroma”, mainly in the stem villi) or by sinusoidal enlargements of fetal capillaries (“sinusoidal type of stroma”, mainly in the terminal villi).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 425-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Classification of villi ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Villi of placental tissue obtained from normal term placentae at Caesarean section were embedded in Epon. Semithin sections were subjected to morphometry. The villi were first grouped according to the modified classification proposed in the foregoing paper. The parameters examined include villous numbers, size, vascularity, volume of trophoblast and connective tissue. The measured values differ markedly from those obtained from paraffin sections. Statistically significant differences exist between the different types of villi in various parameters, providing further evidence supporting the validity of the structural classification suggested.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 283-302 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Langhans cells ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Langhanszellen in menschlichen Placentazotten werden nach ultrastrukturellen Kriterien in undifferenzierte, wenig differenzierte, mäßig differenzierte, syncytiumähnliche und degenerierende Formen unterteilt. Im Laufe der Schwangerschaft vermehren sich die undifferenzierten und die syncytiumähnlichen Zellen zu Ungunsten der mäßig differenzierten. Die in der 9. Woche fast vollständige Cytotrophoblastlage wird in der reifen Placenta auf etwa 20% der Oberfläche reduziert; die verbliebenen Zellen liegen überwiegend in Kapillarnähe. In chronisch mangelernährten Placenten ist die Zahl der Langhanszellen größer, ihr Cytoplasma ist dichter und organellenreicher. In den schwersten Fällen geht das Syncytium zugrunde, und Langhanszellen grenzen an den intervillösen Raum. Vergleiche histochemischer, experimenteller und klinischer Befunde ergeben, daß die Teilungstendenz der Langhanszellen bei guter Versorgungslage gering ist. Da die syncytiale Verschmelzung unter diesen Bedingungen leicht ist, nimmt die Zellzahl ab. Bei chronischer Ischaemie der Zotten dagegen nimmt die Proliferations- und Differenzierungstendenz des Cytotrophoblasten zu. Bei erschwerter syncytialer Verschmelzung steigt die absolute Umwandlungsrate an. Es gelangen damit vermehrt neugebildete hochaktive Enzymsysteme in den Syncytiotrophoblasten. Dieses Verhalten bedingt die Bedeutung der Langhanszellen als Teil eines Regelkreises zur Regeneration des Syncytiums unter normalen und unter pathologischen Bedingungen.
    Notes: Summary The Langhans cells in human placental villi are subdivided according to ultrastructural criteria into undifferentiated, poorly differentiated, moderately differentiated, syncytium-resembling and degenerated forms. In the course of pregnancy the undifferentiated and the syncytium-resembling cells increase to the debit of the poorly differentiated. The cytotrophoblastic layer which is almost complete at the 9th week of gestation is reduced in the mature placenta to about 20% of the total surface area; the remaining cells are situated mainly near the capillaries. In chronically undernourished placentae the number of Langhans cells is increased; their cytoplasm is denser and contains more organelles. In the most severe cases the syncytium becomes necrotic and Langhans cells lie at the intervillous space. Comparisons of histochemical, experimental and clinical findings show that the tendency of the Langhans cells to proliferate is small if the placenta is well supplied. Since the syncytial fusion is easy under these conditions the cell number declines. In chronic ischemia of the villi, however, the tendency of the cytotrophoblast to proliferate and differentiate increases. Though the syncytial fusion is moderately aggravated the absolute rate of transformation increases. Therefore more newly formed, highly active enzymatic systems reach the syncytiotrophoblast. This mode of action shows the importance of the Langhans cells as a part of a feed back system for the regeneration of the syncytium under normal and pathological conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Classification of villi ; Histology ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The classification of human placental villi was reviewed on the basis of material prepared by means of special methods. The material from in situ normal-term placentae was biopsied by aspiration into glutaraldehyde. The classification was made on the basis of light-microscopic observations of semithin sections, reconstructions from serial sections, and scanning-electron micrographs. The peripheral villous tree is roughly divided into stem (ramuli), intermediate and terminal villi. The intermediate villi may be further subdivided as mature and immature types, which are found between the stem and terminal villi. Some of the terminal villi possess a local specialization described as the neck region. The histological characteristics and the branching pattern of each type are described, and the basis of the proposed classification is discussed.
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