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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 201-209 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Moraea inclinata ; M. brevistyla ; Bees ; Anthophoridae ; Halictidae ; Pollination mechanism ; flower morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual flowers ofMoraea inclinata are nectariferous and last about six hours. They appear to be pollinated largely by bees in the familyHalictidae (Lasioglossum spp.,Nomia spp.,Zonalictus) and to a lesser extent by bees in the familyAnthophoridae (Amegilla). The mechanism of bee-pollination inM. inclinata is the “Iris type”; i.e., each flower consists of three pollination units (an outer tepal, a partly exserted anther, and the opposed style branch which terminates in a pair of petal-like crests). Bees rarely visit more than one pollination unit per flower. Transferral of pollen to the bee is passive and nototribic although all bees collected on the flowers were female and 55% of the bees carried pollen loads with 2–5 pollen taxa in their scopae.Moraea brevistyla flowers are nectariferous but lack scent and last two days. They are visited infrequently by bees and only one femaleLasioglossum spec. carried the pollen ofM. brevistyla. Unlike flowers ofM. inclinata those ofM. brevistyla deposit pollen only on the head and thorax. Bee-mediated autogamy in both species is avoided due to the erratic foraging patterns of the bees and the flexibility of each stigma lobe as the bee backs out of the flower. Approximately 2–4 flowers in the inflorescences of both species (6–8 flowers/infloresence) develop into capsules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Androecium morphology ; pollination ; evolutionary trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the androecium in theOrchidaceae shows three major trends. There is a progressive trend in the degree of fusion of the filament(s) and staminode(s) to the gynoecium. Secondly, there is a reduction in the number of fertile anthers. Finally, there is a progressive change in the position of the base of the anther relative to the apex of the stigma; in the more primitive orchids the apex of the stigma is always higher than the base of the anther (this position is reversed in the higher orchids). All three trends reflect variation in the evolution of pollen dispersal and pollen reception mechanisms in theOrchidaceae. Trends in the evolution of the orchid anther(s) tend to parallel trends in the evolution of their pollinaria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 187-202 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Thelymitra nuda ; Liliaceae ; Dichopogon ; Thysanotus ; Halictidae ; Lasioglossum ; Syrphidae. — Mimesis ; pollinaria ; staminodal hood ; thoracic vibration ; trichome cluster. — Flora of Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect pollination occurred inThelymitra nuda R. Br. on sunny days when the ambient temperature exceeded 20 °C. The flower buds on a raceme opened subsynchronously displaying the brightly-colored, actinomorphic perianth and exposed the contrastingly-colored, scented and ornamented column. InT. nuda the staminodes and the filament of the fertile stamen are fused to one another producing an inflated hood over the anther. This staminodal hood is terminated in two non-ornamental, but brightly-colored, central lobes and two terete lateral lobes bearing approximately 400 white trichomes. Each trichome bears a double chain of 30–40 spherical, rugulose cells. Female bees, in the genusLasioglossum (Halictidae), were observed to land directly on the hood and curled their bodies around the four lobed tip of the staminodal complex. The bees attempted to forage on the lobes as if they were collecting pollen from fertile, poricidal stamens. These bees applied thoracic vibration to the yellowish central lobes and actively scraped the trichome clusters (Pseudopollen) with their forelegs. Bees carried the pollinaria ofT. nuda dorsally on their abdomens. Abdominal contact with the rostellum appeared to occur when the female bee disengaged herself from the staminodal hood. Observations made of bees on co-blooming flowers, and analyses of pollen loads collected by bees suggested that the orchid flower mimics the guild of blue-purple flowers that lack floral nectar but offer pollen in poricidal anthers. The models ofT. nuda are co-bloomingLiliaceae in the generaDichopogon andThysanotus. However, nectarless, buzz-pollinated flowers are also extensively distributed over the orchid’s range. More than 30% of the flowers in theT. nuda population had their pollinaria removed, suggesting a high capacity for cross-pollination in an orchid genus usually considered to be self-pollinated via mechanical autogamy. This study confirmed previous predictions that column modifications represented a trend towards pseudanthery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 231-241 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Dilleniaceae ; Hibbertia fasciculata ; Lasioglossum (Halictidae) ; Leioproctus (Colletidae) ; Myrtaceae ; Bees ; beetles ; floral symmetry ; stamens ; stigmas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In direct contrast to mostHibbertia spp., the flowers ofH. fasciculata R. Br. ex D. C. bear only a single whorl of stamens and these stamens are arranged separately (not in typical “bundles”). The short filaments are appressed to the three carpels so that the inflated, porose and introrsive anthers form a centralized cluster obscuring the three ovaries. The three slender styles emerge at right angles from between the filaments. These styles curve upward and the stigmas form the three points of a triangle; each stigma is approximately one millimeter outside the centralized cluster of anthers. The flowers are nectarless and bear a bright yellow corolla. A pungent and unpleasant fragrance appears to be concentrated within the pollenkitt. When native bees attempt to forage for the pollen, within the cluster of anthers, the ventrally deposited loads of pollen, on the bees' abdomens, contact the outer triangle of stigmas. The major pollinators ofH. fasciculata are female bees in the polylectic genera,Lasioglossum (subgenusChilalictus, Halictidae) andLeioproctus (Colletidae). These bees carry an average of more than two pollen taxa when they are caught foraging onH. fasciculata. 78% of the 47 bees, captured onH. fasciculata carried the pollen from at least one sympatric taxon bearing nectariferous flowers (e.g., genera in theMyrtaceae, Compositae, andEpacridaceae). The pollination biology ofH. fasciculata is assessed in relation to the known radiation of bee-pollinated flowers in the genusHibbertia, and within theDilleniaceae s. l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 65-76 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Prasophyllum odoratum ; Pollination ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Prasophyllum odoratum is a vernal, nectariferous, terrestrial orchid that flowers profusely six to eight months following cyclical fires that disrupt sclerophyll woodlands. The morphology of the column and pollinarium is indicative of taxa placed within the subfam.Spiranthoideae. The orientation of the pollinaria to the stigma appears to prevent mechanical self-pollination. Both cross- and self-pollination appear to be effected by insects that forage within the brightly-colored, scented, non-resupinate flowers. Ants and drosophilid flies remove nectar, but do not appear to transport pollinaria between flowers. The primary pollinators are polytrophic flies in the fam.Syrphidae and opportunistic male bees in the genusLeioproctus (Colletidae). Approximately 52% of the flowers on a raceme set seed. The comparatively short floral tube ofP. odoratum reflects the dependence of this species on short-tongued insects to effect successful dispersal of pollinaria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 159 (1988), S. 19-47 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Neottioideae ; Thelymitreae ; Calochilus ; Epiblema ; Thelymitra ; Pollination ; floral mimicry ; deception ; evolution of orchids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Australian orchid tribeThelymitreae, composed ofCalochilus, Epiblema, andThelymitra, is unique in theOrchidaceae because of the presence of a mitra or staminodal complex. Evidence from floral structure suggests thatEpiblema andThelymitra are sister genera and thatCalochilus is derived from aThelymitra ancestor. A “Gene Pool Vortex” model and a hypothetical phylogeny illustrate that introgressive hybridization, allopatry, and long distance dispersal have played a major role in the evolution of the tribe. Pollination and hybridization in the tribe are discussed with major emphasis on floral mimicry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 96 (1963), S. 1850-1854 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fichtenholz, das nach Eingabe von mittelständig markiertem Phenylalanin gewachsen war, wurde auf methoxylierte Benzolcarbonsäuren verarbeitet. Die Radioaktivität pro Mol beträgt bei der Isohemipinsäure (II) 29% der Radioaktivität der Lignineinheit, bei der Metahemipinsäure (III) 15% und bei der Hemipinsäure (IV) 10%. Außerdem erwiesen sich als radioaktive die Methoxytrimesinsäure (V), 4-Methoxy-isophthalsäure (VI), 4-Methoxy-o-phthalsäure (VII), Trimethoxy-o -phthalsäure (VIII) und 2.3.4-Trimethoxy-benzoesäure (IX). Die Herkunft des radioaktiven und inaktiven Teils der o-Phthalsäuren wird erörtert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 110 (1977), S. 2254-2275 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Verdazyls, 25. N-1′-Linked Bisverdazyls with Phenylene and Naphthylene Bridges, Thermochromism and Magnetic PropertiesThe synthesis of the bisverdazyls 1a-14a starts either from a monoverdazyl and uses 1-cyano-1-methylethyl as protecting group for the free valence (1 a) or from the corresponding bisformazans. 1a with the 1,4-phenylene bridge is diamagnetic up to 300 K, J 〉 3000 cal/mol. In 6a, 2a, and 7a the thermally populated triplet state is separated from the singlet ground state by 1500, 600, or 400 cal/mol. 3a-5a and 10a-13a have almost degenerate singlet triplet states. The magnetic properties, the zero field parameters D, and the thermochromic effects of the absorption spectra are discussed with respect to the structure of 1a-14a and the distorsion around the bridge axis.
    Notes: Die Darstellung der Bisverdazyle 1a-14a entweder stufenweise aus einem Monoverdazyl unter Verwendung der 1-Cyan-1-methylethyl-Gruppe als Schutzfunktion der freien Valenz (1a) oder aus den entsprechenden Bisformazanen wird beschrieben. 1a mit der 1,4-Phenylenbrücke liegt bis 300 K diamagnetisch vor, J 〉 3000 cal/mol. In 6a, 2a und 7a ist der thermisch besetzte Triplett-zustand vom Singulett-Grundzustand durch 1500, 600 bzw. 400 cal/mol getrennt. 3a-5a und 10a-13a besitzen praktisch entartete Singulett-Triplett-Zustände. Die magnetischen Eigenschaften. die Nullfeldparameter D und die Thermochromie-Erscheinungen der Absorptions-spektren werden im Zusammenhang mit der Struktur von 1a-14a und der Verdrillung um die Brückenachse diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 93 (1960), S. 1354-1366 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Unter den Zwischenprodukten der enzymatischen Ligninbildung in vitro wurden die Aldehyde des Dehydro-diconiferylalkohols (E) und des Guajacyl-glycerinconiferyläthers (F) gefunden. E wurde durch Natriumborhydrid in den bekannten Dehydro-diconiferylalkohol (A) umgewandelt. Die Konstitution von F wurde aus dem Zwischenprodukt der Ligninbildung Guajacyl-glycerin-coniferyläther (C) abgeleitet. Der kristallinisch erhaltene Dinitrophenyläther von C liefert bei der Oxydation mit Mangandioxyd den Dinitrophenyläther von F. Die Menge der aldehydischen Zwischenprodukte E und F beträgt einige Prozente der übrigen Ligninbausteine. Ihre Isolierung ist möglich geworden nach umfassenden Studien über die geeigneten Gemische für die Papier- und Säulenchromatographie. Eine Übersicht über die Papierchromatogramme wird mitgeteilt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 96 (1963), S. 2193-2198 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung δ-halogenierter α-Acetyl- und α-Benzoyl-γ-valerolactone mit wäßriger Chlorwasserstoff-, Bromwasserstoff- und Fluorwasserstoffsäure entstehen unter Decarboxylierung γ.δ-dihalogenierte n-Butyl-methyl-ketone und n-Butyl-phenyl-ketone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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