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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 267 (1989), S. 336-344 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Laundrydetergents ; substitution ofphosphates ; zeolite A/cobuildersystems ; influence ofpolycarboxylates ; fluorescentwhiteningagents ; influence ofionicbuilders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This study is concerned with the physico-chemical background to the substitution of phosphates in laundry detergents, with special emphasis on combinations of zeolite A with other detergent ingredients, especially water-soluble cobuilders and optical brighteners. The most important action mechanisms of zeolite A / cobuilder systems were investigated for a variety of washing conditions. It is shown that the builder performance of zeolite A is often reinforced by small amounts of water-soluble substances such as polycarboxylates. These detergents are able to compete, in terms of performance, with products containing a high proportion of phosphate. Further, the interaction of zeolite A with fluorescent whitening agents in detergent powders was studied. It is shown that the photophysical properties of a typical optical brightener are negatively influenced by ionic builders and surfactants. In contrast to sodium triphosphate, zeolite A can enhance the appearance of powders even in the presence of anionic surfactants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 176-182 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Polymere ; Chrom ; Gelatine ; Benetzbarkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The adsorption of gelatin on chromium-surfaces in aqueous solution at 298 K depends clearly on the pH-value. At constant pH-value the shape of the isotherms formally belong to the high-affinity-type. The largest saturation capacity and the ellipsometrically determined thickness of the layer are found between the isoelectric points of the gelatin (IEP G =5,1) and of the chromium-surface (IEPCr≃5,6). Under these conditions the solubility of gelatin in water reaches a minimum and the apparent molecular weight a maximum. The maximal adsorption of gelatin on chromium is based largely on unspecific hydrophobic interactions. Measurements of layer thickness andwetting tension indicate, that the adsorption of gelatin on chromium is not fully reversible. Even after intensive rinsing in pure water there remains a gelatin layer of approximately 3 nm thickness, which graduelly leads to a hydrophobization of the initially hydrophilic chromium surface. This effect is also observed with weakly water soluble natural (albumin,γ-globulin, Na-caseinate) and synthetic polymers (PVA, PVP, MHPC, Polypropylenglycol, which various surfaces either hydrophobize or hydrophilize, depending on the original state.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Adsorption von Gelatine an Chrom-Oberflächen ist in wäßriger Lösung bei 298 K deutlich pH-Wert-abhängig. Bei konstantem pH-Wert entspricht der Verlauf der Isothermen formell dem High-Affinity-Typ. Die größte Sättigungskapazität und ellipsometrisch bestimmte Schichtdicke liegen zwischen den isoelektrischen Punkten der Gelatine (IEP G =5,1) und der Chromoberfläche (IEPCr≃5,6). Hier erreicht auch die Wasserlöslichkeit der Gelatine ein Minimum und das scheinbare Molekulargewicht ein Maximum. Die maximale Adsorption von Gelatine an Chrom beruht weitgehend auf unspezifischen hydrophoben Wechselwirkungen. Schichtdickenbestimmungen und Benetzungsspannungsmessungen zeigen, daß die Adsorption von Gelatine an Chrom nicht vollständig reversibel ist. Auch nach intensivem Abspülen mit reinem Wasser bleibt eine Gelatineschicht von ca. 3 nm Dicke zurück, die die ursprünglich hydrophile Chromoberfläche graduell hydrophobiert. Diesen Effekt zeigen auch weitere schwach wasserlösliche natürliche (Albumin,γ-Globulin, Na-Caseinat) und synthetische (PVA, PVP, MHPC, Polypropylenglykol) Polymere, die verschiedene Oberflächen je nach Ausgangszustand entweder hydrophobieren oder hydrophilieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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