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  • Berlekamp-Massey algorithm  (2)
  • Cocaine  (2)
  • Diazepam  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Berlekamp-Massey algorithm and linear recurring sequences over a factorial domain (1995)
    Springer
    Applicable algebra in engineering, communication and computing 6 (1995), S. 309-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0622
    Keywords: Polynomial remainder sequence ; Berlekamp-Massey algorithm ; linear recurring sequence ; factorial domain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present an extended polynomial remainder sequence algorithm XPRS for R[X] whereR is a domain. From this we derive a Berlekamp-Massey algorithm BM/R overR. We show that if (α) is a linear recurring sequence in a factorial domainU, then the characteristic polynomials for (α) form aprincipal ideal which is generated by a primitive minimal polynomial. Moreover, this generator ismonic when U[[X]] is factorial (for example, whenU is Z orK[X 1,X2,...,Xn] whereK is a field). From XPRS we derive an algorithm MINPOL for determining the minimal polynomial of (α) when an upper bound on the degree of some characteristic polynomial and sufficiently many initial terms of (α) are known. We also show how to obtain a Berlekamp-Massey type minimal polynomial algorithm from BM/U and state BM_MINPOL/K explicitly with a further refinement. Examples are given forU=Z, GF(2)[Y].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01235722
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Berlekamp-Massey Algorithm and Linear Recurring Sequences Over a Factorial Domain (1995)
    Springer
    Applicable algebra in engineering, communication and computing 6 (1995), S. 309-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0622
    Keywords: Keywords: Polynomial remainder sequence ; Berlekamp-Massey algorithm ; linear recurring sequence ; factorial domain.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract.  We present an extended polynomial remainder sequence algorithm XPRS for R[X] where R is a domain. From this we derive a Berlekamp-Massey algorithm BM/R over R. We show that if (α) is a linear recurring sequence in a factorial domain U, then the characteristic polynomials for (α) form a principal ideal which is generated by a primitive minimal polynomial. Moreover, this generator is monic when U[ [X] ] is factorial (for example, when U is Z or K[X 1 , X 2 , . . . , X n ] where K is a field). From XPRS we derive an algorithm MINPOL for determining the minimal polynomial of (α) when an upper bound on the degree of some characteristic polynomial and sufficiently many initial terms of (α) are known. We also show how to obtain a Berlekamp-Massey type minimal polynomial algorithm from BM/U and state BM – MINPOL/K explicitly with a further refinement. Examples are given for U = Z, GF(2) [Y ].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002000050008
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Double dissociation between the effects of muscarinic antagonists and benzodiazepine receptor agonists on the acquisition and retention of passive avoidance (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 118 (1995), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Passive avoidance ; Learning ; Memory Scopolamine ; Atropine ; Diazepam ; Lorazepam Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Both muscarinic antagonists, such as scopolamine, and benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) agonists, such as diazepam, produce a reliable impairment in the performance of one trial passive avoidance. Such deficits are frequently interpreted as drug-induced amnesia. However, these deficits could also result from a learning impairment. The present experiments compared the effects of two BZR agonists, lorazepam (0, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.375 mg/kg, IP) and diazepam (0, 0.78, 1.56, and 3.13 mg/kg, IP) with the effects of two muscarinic antagonists, scopolamine (0, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/kg, SC) and atropine (0, 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg, IP) on a multiple trial passive avoidance task. In this procedure, the rats were trained with a 5-min inter-trial interval until a learning criterion was achieved. Retention was assessed 24 h later. This enabled the effects of the drugs on the acquisition and the retention of a passive avoidance response to be dissociated. Both atropine and scopolamine produced a marked impairment in the acquisition of the passive avoidance response, but did not impair retention. In contrast, diazepam and lorazepam did not alter the acquisition of a passive avoidance response, but did produce a dose-dependent impairment of retention. These results therefore demonstrate a double dissociation between the effects of muscarinic antagonists and BZR agonists on the acquisition and retention of passive avoidance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245247
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental and pharmacological sensitization: effects of repeated administration of systemic or intra-nucleus accumbens cocaine (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 111 (1993), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Nucleus accumbens ; Sensitization ; Locomotor activity ; Conditioning ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of repeated systemic or intra-nucleus accumbens cocaine administration on locomotor activity were examined for environmental dependence. Repeated IP administration of cocaine (15 mg/kg) for 5 days in the context of a given environment increased the locomotor response to a subsequent IP cocaine challenge in that environment. However, there were no differences in the locomotor response to a subsequent IP cocaine challenge in the test chamber in subjects which had received prior repeated IP administration of cocaine in the home-cage. In a second experiment, cocaine (100 µg/side) was infused into the nucleus accumbens (NACC) daily for 5 days. This repeated administration produced increases in locomotor activity to subsequent intra-NACC cocaine infusions that were environmentally independent. In contrast to the effects of repeated IP cocaine administration, subjects which received administration of vehicle, acute cocaine, or repeated cocaine in the NACC did not differ following an IP cocaine challenge. The results from these experiments indicate that increases in the response to IP cocaine following repeated IP administration are in part environmentally dependent. Moreover, repeated intra-NACC cocaine infusions increase the responsiveness of the NACC to subsequent intra-NACC cocaine. However, local activation of the NACC alone does not appear to be adequate to produce sensitization to systemically administered cocaine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257416
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of several benzodiazepine receptor ligands in two models of anxiolytic activity in the mouse: an analysis based on fractional receptor occupancies (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 114 (1994), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Abecarnil ; Alpidem ; Alprazolam ; Bretazenil ; Diazepam ; ZK 95962 ; β-Carboline ; Anxiolytics ; Receptor occupancy ; Four-plate test ; Plus-maze ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study compared the effects of the β-carboline anxiolytic, abecarnil, with other benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) ligands, including the full agonists diazepam and alprazolam, and the partial agonists ZK 95962 and bretazenil (Ro 16-6028), and alpidem, in the mouse four-plate test and plus-maze. The efficacy and potency of each compound was related to the fraction of BZR occupied by the drug. Abecarnil was efficacious in both tests and showed anxiolytic effects comparable with alprazolam and diazepam. In the four-plate test, abecarnil, bretazenil, and ZK 95962 had selective effects on releasing exploratory locomotor activity suppressed by footshock (punished crossings). None of these compounds significantly altered non-punished crossings. In contrast, diazepam and alprazolam increased both unpunished and punished crossings at low to medium doses (receptor occupancies of approximately 20–60%). The number of punished and unpunished crossings fell to control levels or below at higher, more sedative doses (approximately 80% receptor occupancy). Alpidem had very weak anxiolytic-like effects in this test and markedly reduced unpunished crossings at relatively low receptor occupancies (〉 15%). In the plus-maze, abecarnil increased the time spent in the open arms and the percentage open arm entries to an extent equal to that observed following diazepam or alprazolam administration. Bretazenil and ZK 95962 had weak effects on the measures of anxiolytic activity in this test. Alpidem also had little anxiolytic-like activity in the plus-maze but markedly reduced the total number of arm entries. The fractional BZR occupancies required to increase the time spent in the open arms of the maze to 250% of control levels were approximately 45% for abecarnil and alprazolam, 60% for diazepam, and 100% for ZK 95962. Bretazenil did not reach this potentiation at the doses tested (up to 89% receptor occupancy). Abecarnil appeared to act as a full agonist on the measures of anxiolytic activity in both tests (i.e. required low fractional BZR occupancies) but on the measures of stimulation or sedation was more similar to the BZR partial agonists (i.e. had no significant effects even at receptor occupancies approaching 100%). On this basis abecarnil could be described as a “selective agonist”. In general, the four-plate test was more sensitive than the plus-maze. For example, lower BZR occupancies were needed to produce significant anxiolytic effects in the four-plate test than in the plus-maze. In addition, the partial agonists bretazenil and ZK 95962, which both produced weak effects in the plus-maze, had similar anxiolytic potencies to the full BZR agonists, diazepam and alprazolam, in the four-plate test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244836
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cocaine microinjections into the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex on schedule-induced behaviour: comparison with systemic cocaine administration (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 115 (1994), S. 375-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Schedule-induced polydipsia ; Drinking ; Locomotor activity ; Nucleus accumbens ; Medial prefrontal cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of cocaine HCl infusions into either the nucleus accumbens (NACC) or medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) were compared on the performance of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) and related behaviours. Food-deprived rats were exposed to a fixed-time 60-s schedule of food delivery in daily 30-min sessions until stable levels of behaviour were obtained (14 days). Rats were then bilaterally infused with cocaine into either the NACC or PFC via chronically indwelling guide cannulae. Each subject received a sequence of five cocaine infusions (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 µg) according to a Latin Square design. For comparison, following these intracranial infusions each rat received a sequence of five IP injections of cocaine (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg) also in a counterbalanced order. NACC and PFC infusions of cocaine and IP cocaine dose-dependently reduced SIP. Cocaine infusions into the NACC, but not the PFC, increased locomotor activity but the characteristic temporal profile of locomotor activity during SIP was retained. IP cocaine also increased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, but the temporal profile of activity was flattened following 20 mg/kg cocaine. NACC and PFC infusions of cocaine had little effect on the total number of panel presses to gain access to the food pellets, but did slightly decrease the high rates of responding immediately prior to the pellet delivery. IP cocaine increased the total number of panel presses at the higher doses, mainly by increasing the low rates of responding. The effects of cocaine infusions into the PFC were behaviourally the most selective, as they reduced SIP without having substantial effects either on locomotor activity or panel pressing. These data therefore implicate a role for the PFC in the performance of SIP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245080
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